The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 16PEB

(a)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Aluminum.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Aluminum is 3+.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gainelectrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of aluminum is 13. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1. It has three outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will lose three outer electrons. Hence, by the loss of three electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 3+. Thus, aluminum ionis represented as Al3+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Aluminumhas a charge of +3 on its ion.

Answer 13

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

Answer 14

(b)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Chlorine.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Chlorine is 1−.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electronstends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of chlorine is 17. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5. It has seven outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will gain one electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, chlorine ion is represented as Cl1−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Chlorine has a charge of −1 on its ion.

Answer 20

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

Answer 21

(c)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Magnesium.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Magnesiumis 2+.

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s2. It has two outer orbital electrons present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose two electrons from their outer orbitals. Hence, by the loss of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2+. Thus, magnesium ion is represented as Mg2+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Magnesium has a charge of 2+ charge on its ion.

Answer 27

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

Answer 28

(d)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sodium.

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sodium is 1+.

Answer 30

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 3s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet, it will lose one electron from their outer orbital. Hence, by the loss of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1+. Thus, sodium ion is represented as Na+.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sodium ion has a charge of +1 on it.

Answer 34

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

Answer 35

(e)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Sulfur.

Answer 36

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Sulfur is 2−.

Answer 37

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 38

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of sulfur is 16. Its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4. It has six outer orbital electrons present in 3s and 3p orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their octet it will gain two electrons in their outer orbitals. Hence, by the gain of two electrons, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 2-. Thus, sulfur ion is represented as S2−.

Conclusion:

Hence, Sulfur has a charge of −2 on its ion.

Answer 41

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.

Answer 42

(f)

To determine

To identify: The charge on the ion of Hydrogen.

Answer 43

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 16PEB

Solution:

The charge on the ion of Hydrogenis 1− or 1+

Answer 44

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 45

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

The charge on an ion is equal to the valency of an atom and positive charge represents the loss of electron by an atom while negative charge represents the gain of electron by an atom. Elements which have one, two, or three outer electrons tends to lose these electrons to form positive ions. Similarly, elements which have five to seven outer electrons, tends to gain electrons to complete their outer orbitals.

Explanation:

Atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1. It has one outer orbital electron present in 1s orbitals. Thus, in order to complete their duet, it will gain one electron in their outer orbital. Hence, by the gain of one electron, it forms an ion and acquires a charge of 1-. Thus, hydrogenion is represented as H+. Also, to gain stability it can lose their electron. Hence, it acquires a charge of 1+.

Conclusion:

Hence, hydrogen have a charge of -1 and +1 on their ions.