Principles of Economics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134078779
Author: Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair, Sharon E. Oster
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 8, Problem 1.2P
To determine
The average fixed cost and
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Economist T. Yntema estimated the short-run total cost function of the United States
Steel Corporation in the 1930s to be as follows:
C=182.1+55.73Q
where C is total annual cost (in millions of dollars) and Q is millions of tons of steel
produced.
a.
b.
C.
d.
What was U.S. Steel's fixed costs?
If U.S. Steel produced 10 million tons of steel, what was its average
variable costs?
What was U.S. Steel's marginal costs?
If there were diminishing marginal returns to the variable inputs in the
production of steel, do you think that this equation provided a faithful
representation of U.S. Steel's short-run total cost function? Briefly explain.
In 1796, Gottfried Christoph Hartel, a German music publisher, calculated the cost of printing
music using an engraved plate technology and used these estimated cost functions to make
production decisions. Hartel figured that the fixed cost of printing a musical page-the cost of
engraving the plates-was 900 pfennigs. The marginal cost of each additional copy of the page
was 5 pfennigs (Scherer, 2001).
Graph the average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost functions.
1.) Using the three-point curved line drawing tool, plot the average cost curve. Let the three
points correspond to quantities of 20, 60, and 180 units of output. Label this curve 'AC.'
2.) Using the line drawing tool, draw the marginal cost curve. Label this curve 'MC.'
3.) Using the line drawing tool, plot the average variable cost curve. Label this curve 'AVC.'
Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required objects.
CH
pfennigs, cost per page
50-
45-
40-
35-
30-
25-
20-
15-
10-
01
5-…
Use the following data for answering Questions 3-6:
The Haverford Company is considering three types of plants to make a particular electronic device. Plant A is much more highly automated than plant B, which in turn is more highly
automated than plant C. For each type of plant, average variable cost
each type of plant is as follows:
constant so long as output is less than capacity, which is the maximum output of the plant. The cost structure for
Plant C
Plant A
Plant B
Average Variable Costs
$1.10
$2.40
$3.70
Labor
0.90
Materials
1.20
1.80
Other
0.50
2.40
2.00
$2.50
$6.00
$7.50
Total
$300,000
$75,000
$25,000
Total fixed costs
Annual capacity
$50,000
200,000
100,000
Derive the average costs of producing 100,000, 200,000, 300,000, and 400,000 devices per year with Plant C. (NOTE: for output exceeding the capacity of a single plant, assume that more
than one plant of this type is built, i.e., all inputs are duplicated in each additional plant. What are the average costs per unit for the…
Chapter 8 Solutions
Principles of Economics (12th Edition)
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- Douglas Fur is a small manufacturer of fake-fur boots in Dallas. The following table shows the company’s total cost of production at various production quantities. On the following graph, plot Douglas Fur’s average total cost (ATC) curve using the green points (triangle symbol). Next, plot its average variable cost (AVC) curve using the purple points (diamond symbol). Finally, plot its marginal cost (MC) curve using the orange points (square symbol). (Hint: For ATC and AVC, plot the points on the integer; for example, the ATC of producing one pair of boots is $155, so you should start your ATC curve by placing a green point at (1, 155). For MC, plot the points between the integers: For example, the MC of increasing production from zero to one pair of boots is $95, so you should start your MC curve by placing an orange square at (0.5, 95).) Note: Plot your points in the order in which you would like them connected. Line segments will connect the points automatically.arrow_forwardDouglas Fur is a small manufacturer of fake-fur boots in San Diego. The following table shows the company’s total cost of production at various production quantities. On the following graph, plot Douglas Fur’s average total cost (ATC) curve using the green points (triangle symbol). Next, plot its average variable cost (AVC) curve using the purple points (diamond symbol). Finally, plot its marginal cost (MC) curve using the orange points (square symbol). (Hint: For ATC and AVC, plot the points on the integer; for example, the ATC of producing one pair of boots is $210, so you should start your ATC curve by placing a green point at (1, 210). For MC, plot the points between the integers: For example, the MC of increasing production from zero to one pair of boots is $90, so you should start your MC curve by placing an orange square at (0.5, 90).) Note: Plot your points in the order in which you would like them connected. Line segments will connect the points automatically.arrow_forwardWhich of the following would be the best starting point on which to focus if an air conditioner manufacturer wants to look at its total costs of production in the short run? Divide the variable costs of production by the quantity of output. Divide the total costs of production by the quantity of output. Divide total costs into two categories: variable costs that can't be changed in the short run and fixed costs that can be. Divide total costs into two categories: fixed costs that can't be changed in the short run and variable costs that can be.arrow_forward
- ECON 4015 - Problem Solving 1. Based on a consulting economist's report, the Total Cost for a company named Advanced Electronics is as follows: TC 200 +5Q -0.04Q² + 0.001Q³ Find the level of output that results in minimum Average Variable Cost for the company. & how much is the minimum AVC at that rate of output? 2. If TC = 1000 + 200Q-9Q² +0.25Q³, what output rate minimizes Average Variable Cost & how much is the minimum AVC at that rate of output? 3. Given the Total Cost function as follows: TC = 100Q-3Q² + 0.1Q³ What rate of output will minimize Average Total Cost & how much is the minimum ATC at that rate of output? 4. Given the Total Cost function as follows: TC= 200-2Q +0.05Q² What rate of output will minimize Average Total Cost & how much is the minimum ATC at that rate of output? PjC September 24, 2022arrow_forwardDouglas Fur is a small manufacturer of fake-fur boots in Chicago. The following table shows the company’s total cost of production at various production quantities. Fill in the remaining cells of the following table. On the following graph, plot Douglas Fur’s average total cost (ATC) curve using the green points (triangle symbol). Next, plot its average variable cost (AVC) curve using the purple points (diamond symbol). Finally, plot its marginal cost (MC) curve using the orange points (square symbol). (Hint: For ATC and AVC, plot the points on the integer; for example, the ATC of producing one pair of boots is $200, so you should start your ATC curve by placing a green point at (1, 200). For MC, plot the points between the integers: For example, the MC of increasing production from zero to one pair of boots is $80, so you should start your MC curve by placing an orange square at (0.5, 80).) Note: Plot your points in the order in which you would like them connected. Line segments…arrow_forwardEconomists define profit a bit differently than in accounting. In addition to explicit costs, we also subtract out implicit costs—what you could have earned from the next best alternative. For example, suppose that you are making $60,000 as an accountant. You decide to quit your job and open up your own accounting business. You end up making a profit of $50,000. How have you done? Accountants would call this a profit of $50,000 while economists would say that you just lost $10,000 (relative to what you were making before). So, economists define profits as being equal to total revenues minus total costs, where costs include the opportunity cost. Suppose that a firm had sales revenue of $1 million last year. It spent $600,000 on labor, $150,000 on capital, and $200,000 on materials. Calculate the firm’s accounting profit? If the firm’s factory sits on land owned by the firm that it could rent for $30,000 per year, calculate economic profits.arrow_forward
- Consider the table below that describes the costs associated with producing a good (Q). Q Total Variable Cost Total Cost 0 0 30 1 30 60 2 50 80 3 65 95 4 77 107 5 87 117 6 100 130 7 120 150 8 160 190 9 220 250 10 300 330 What is the value of the average total cost when Q=2? Enter your answer as a number below. Do not include a "$" sign.arrow_forwardA firm has a fixed production cost of $4000. For the first 100 units of production, the firm has a marginal cost of $50 per unit produced. Producing more than 100 units has a marginal cost of $70 per unit produced. The firm cannot produce more than 150 units. How much does it cost to produce at q=0? at q=50? at q=100? at q=125? at q=150? Graph the firm’s marginal cost functionarrow_forwardIn 2018, pop star Drake was downloaded twice as often as Cardi B. However, downloads for both these artists sold for the same price on Apple’s iTunes store. Does this suggest that Apple is failing to maximize profits? Use a picture or pictures to answer. You can make a reasonable assumption that the marginal cost to Apple of supplying a download is a constant $0.25.arrow_forward
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