Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399920
Author: Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8, Problem 12P
To determine
The energy produced by the sun, if it converts
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Can you solve the problem, according to the information provided?
1. The mass of the Sun is about 2x10³0 kg. The Sun was about 72% hydrogen when it first formed.
About 11% of the total amount of the Sun's hydrogen is available for fusion within the Sun's core.
[3 points]
(a) What is the total mass of hydrogen available for fusion, in kg?
(b) The Sun fuses about 600 billion kg of hydrogen each second. Calculate how long the Sun's
initial supply of hydrogen can last. Give your answer in both seconds and years. Hint: use the
result you calculated in part (a).
(c) We know that our Solar System is about 4.5 billion years old. Using your calculation above,
how much longer do we have until the Sun runs out of hydrogen?
What changes would you notice if the sun emitted radiation at an effective temperature of 2000 K instead of 5762 K.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 8 - Prob. 1RQCh. 8 - Prob. 2RQCh. 8 - Prob. 3RQCh. 8 - Prob. 4RQCh. 8 - Prob. 5RQCh. 8 - Prob. 6RQCh. 8 - What evidence can you give that granulation is...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8RQCh. 8 - Prob. 9RQCh. 8 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 8 - Prob. 11RQCh. 8 - Prob. 12RQCh. 8 - Prob. 13RQCh. 8 - Prob. 14RQCh. 8 - Energy can be transported by convection,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 16RQCh. 8 - Prob. 17RQCh. 8 - Prob. 18RQCh. 8 - Prob. 19RQCh. 8 - Meridional is derived from meridian. Look up the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 21RQCh. 8 - Prob. 22RQCh. 8 - How can solar flares affect Earth?Ch. 8 - Prob. 24RQCh. 8 - Why does nuclear fusion require high temperatures...Ch. 8 - Prob. 26RQCh. 8 - Four protons are combined in the proton-proton...Ch. 8 - Give an example of a charged subatomic particle...Ch. 8 - Prob. 29RQCh. 8 - Prob. 30RQCh. 8 - Prob. 31RQCh. 8 - Prob. 32RQCh. 8 - Prob. 33RQCh. 8 - The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km. What...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2PCh. 8 - Prob. 3PCh. 8 - What is the angular diameter of a star the same...Ch. 8 - If a sunspot has a temperature of 4200 K and the...Ch. 8 - How many watts of radiation does a 1-meter-square...Ch. 8 - If a sunspot has a temperature of 4200 K and the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8PCh. 8 - Prob. 9PCh. 8 - Prob. 10PCh. 8 - Prob. 11PCh. 8 - Prob. 12PCh. 8 - Prob. 13PCh. 8 - Prob. 14PCh. 8 - The United States consumes about 2.5 1019 J of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 16PCh. 8 - Prob. 1SOPCh. 8 - Prob. 2SOPCh. 8 - Whenever there is a total solar eclipse, you can...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2LTLCh. 8 - Prob. 3LTLCh. 8 - Prob. 4LTLCh. 8 - The two images here show two solar phenomena. What...Ch. 8 - Prob. 6LTL
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- The text says that the Local Fluff, which surrounds the Sun, has a temperature of 7500 K and a density 0.1 atom per cm3. The Local Fluff is embedded in hot gas with a temperature of 106 K and a density of about 0.01 atom per cm3. Are they in equilibrium? (Hint: In pressure equilibrium, the two regions must have nT equal, where n is the number of particles per unit volume and T is the temperature.) What is likely to happen to the Local Fluff?arrow_forwardIf the radius of the sun is 7.001×105 km, what is the average density of the sun in units of grams per cubic centimeter? The volume of a sphere is (4/3)π r3. The sun is a sphere with an estimated mass of 2.00×1030 kg. What exactly is the conversion process for this?arrow_forwardThe capture of too few solar neutrinos by Davis in the solar neutrino experiment a. can be explained if the sun is not undergoing thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core. b. indicates that the sun’s core is much cooler than expected. c. indicates that the sun’s core is much hotter than expected. d. indicates that the sun’s core is convective. e. is explained by none of the above.arrow_forward
- The total energy output from the Sun of around 3.8 x 1026 joules per second, what is the mass of elements consumed in order to produce this amount of energy?arrow_forwardIn the model shown in the table below, what fraction of the Sun's mass is hotter than 5,000,000 K? R/R SunT (106 K) Density (g/cm³) 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.006 0.60 1.2 2.3 3.1 4.9 5.1 6.9 9.3 13.1 15.7 0.00 0.009 0.035 0.12 0.40 1.3 4.1 13 36 89 150 M/M Sun L/L Sun 1.00 0.999 0.996 0.990 0.97 0.92 0.82 0.63 0.34 0.073 0.000 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.91 0.40 0.00arrow_forwardExplain how we know that the Sun’s energy is not supplied either by chemical burning, as in fires here on Earth, or by gravitational contraction (shrinking).arrow_forward
- Table 15.1 indicates that the density of the Sun is 1.41 g/cm3. Since other materials, such as ice, have similar densities, how do you know that the Sun is not made of ice?arrow_forwardWhy is fission not an important energy source in the Sun?arrow_forwardWhat conditions are required before proton-proton chain fusion can start in the Sun?arrow_forward
- Which aspects of the Sun’s activity cycle have a period of about 11 years? Which vary during intervals of about 22 years?arrow_forwardShow that the statement that 92% of the Sun’s atoms are hydrogen is consistent with the statement that 73% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen, as found in Table 15.2. (Hint: Make the simplifying assumption, which is nearly correct, that the Sun is made up entirely of hydrogen and helium.)arrow_forwardEvery second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of matter to energy. How long will it take the Sun to reduce its mass by 1% (the mass of the Sun is 21030 kg)? Compare your answer with the lifetime of the Sun so far.arrow_forward
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