Chapter 7.8, Problem 27CC

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism which the given set of molecules favours should be determined.

Concept Introduction

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. The First step is formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: It is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: Donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Nucleophiles are classified as strong and weak nucleophile depending on how readily the molecule donates electrons.

The nucleophilic character for the molecule depends on the size and the electronegativity of the atom present in the molecule.

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favours ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond. Nucleophiles are classified as strong and weak nucleophile depending on how readily the molecule donates electrons.

The nucleophilic character for the molecule depends on the size and the electronegativity of the atom present in the molecule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favours ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond. Nucleophiles are classified as strong and weak nucleophile depending on how readily the molecule donates electrons.

The nucleophilic character for the molecule depends on the size and the electronegativity of the atom present in the molecule.

 (c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favours ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond. Nucleophiles are classified as strong and weak nucleophile depending on how readily the molecule donates electrons.

The nucleophilic character for the molecule depends on the size and the electronegativity of the atom present in the molecule.

 (d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction resulting in the formation of product with inversed configuration.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. Hence, primary substrate favours ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond. Nucleophiles are classified as strong and weak nucleophile depending on how readily the molecule donates electrons.

The nucleophilic character for the molecule depends on the size and the electronegativity of the atom present in the molecule.