The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined. Concept Introduction S N 2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction. Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of S N 2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of S N 2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The S N 2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows, Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage. Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond .

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction mechanism, rate equation, transition state, energy diagram and the rate of the reaction with respect to the solvent used should be determined.

Concept Introduction

SN2 Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of SN2 reaction. If the substrate is more substituted then the rate of the reaction will becomes slower. Since the mechanism of SN2 reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The SN2 reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group. The reactivity increases in the order as follows,

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2PTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 3PTS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 4ATS Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 5ATS Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7PTS Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 8ATS

Concept Introduction Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

Concept Introduction Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom. Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

Concept Introduction Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

Concept Introduction Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

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Chapter 7 Solutions

Concept Introduction

Rate Equation: It describes the rate of the reaction with respect to the concentration of the reactants participated in the reaction.

Concept Introduction

Protic solvent: solvents that contains H+ bonded to electronegative atom.

Aprotic solvent: they do not contain H+ directly bonded to the electronegative atom.

Concept Introduction

Energy diagram: the energy diagram depicts the path of the chemical reaction along reaction co-ordinate in which the reactants are transformed into products.

Concept Introduction

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.