Aggregate Functions: SQL has some built-in functions and they are called as aggregate functions. SQL contains five built-in functions. They are: SUM – This function is used to add values from the particular column. Syntax: SELECT SUM(column_Name) FROM table_Name; COUNT – This is used to count the number of rows for the particular column. Syntax: SELECT COUNT(column_Name) FROM table_Name; MAX – This function is used to get the maximum value from the column. Syntax: SELECT MAX(column_Name) FROM table_Name; MIN – This function is used to get the minimum value from the column. Syntax: SELECT MIN(column_Name) FROM table_Name; AVG – This function is used to get the average of all the values from the column. GROUP BY Clause: The GROUPBY clause is used to group the result of a SELECT statement done on a table where the tuple values are similar for more than one column Syntax: SELECT expression1, expression2, expression_n, aggregate_function(expression)FROM table_name WHERE conditions GROUP BY expression1, expression2, expression_n;

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1. Explain in detail with examples each of the following fundamental security design principles: economy of mechanism, fail-safe default, complete mediation, open design, separation of privilege, least privilege, least common mechanism, psychological acceptability, isolation, encapsulation, modularity, layering, and least astonishment.

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Chapter 7, Problem 33P

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Aggregate Functions:

SQL has some built-in functions and they are called as aggregate functions. SQL contains five built-in functions. They are:

SUM – This function is used to add values from the particular column.

Syntax: SELECT SUM(column_Name) FROM table_Name;

COUNT – This is used to count the number of rows for the particular column.

Syntax: SELECT COUNT(column_Name) FROM table_Name;

MAX – This function is used to get the maximum value from the column.

Syntax: SELECT MAX(column_Name) FROM table_Name;

MIN – This function is used to get the minimum value from the column.

Syntax: SELECT MIN(column_Name) FROM table_Name;

AVG – This function is used to get the average of all the values from the column.

GROUP BY Clause:

The GROUPBY clause is used to group the result of a SELECT statement done on a table where the tuple values are similar for more than one column

Syntax:

SELECT expression1, expression2, expression_n, aggregate_function(expression)FROM table_name WHERE conditions GROUP BY expression1, expression2, expression_n;

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