Chapter 7, Problem 17RA

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The various places and receptors, and neurotransmitters where hyperpolarization takes place in the body.

Introduction:

Hyperpolarization is caused by the decrease of membrane potential below the resting membrane potential. This is initiated by binding of neurotransmitters, namely GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) and glycine to receptors that trigger the influx of negatively charged Chloride ions (Cl-). This leads to a drop in the membrane potential below the value of -70 mV (millivolts). Another method of hyperpolarization is the continuous efflux of K+ (potassium) ions outside the cell, which takes place in muscarinic receptors which ACh (Acetylcholine) binds to.