14th Edition

ISBN: 9781323654378

Author: Brown

Publisher: PEARSON

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Chapter 7, Problem 112IE

Mercury in the environment can exist in oxidation states 0, +1, and +2. One major question in environmental chemistry research is how to best measure the oxidation state of mercury in natural systems; this is made more complicated by the fact that mercury can be reduced or oxidized on surfaces differently than it would be if it were free in solution. XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, is a technique related to PES (see Exercise 7.111 ), but instead of using ultraviolet light to eject valence electrons, X rays are used to eject core electrons. The energies of the coreelectrons are different for different oxidation states of the element. In one set of experiments, researchers examined mercury contamination of minerals in water. They measured the XPS signals that corresponded to electrons ejected from mercury's 4f orbitals at 105 eV, from an X-ray source that provided 1253.6 eV of energy (1 ev = 1.602 x 10 ¹⁹J). The oxygen on the mineral surface gave emitted electron energies at 531 eV, corresponding to the 1s orbital of oxygen. Overall the researchers concluded that oxidation states were +2 for Hg and -2 for 0. (a) Calculate the wavelength of the X rays used in this experiment. (b) Compare the energies of the 4f electrons in mercury and the 1s electrons in oxygen from these data to the first ionization energies of mercury and oxygen from the data in this chapter. (c) Write out the ground-state electron configurations for He²+ and 0²- ; which electrons are the valence electrons in each case?

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Chapter 7, Problem 111IE

Chapter 7, Problem 113IE

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Chapter 7 Solutions

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Ch. 7.3 - Hypothetical elements X and Y form a molecule XY2,...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.1.2PE Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.2.1PE Ch. 7.3 - Arrange Be, C, K, and Ca in order of increasing...Ch. 7.3 - Arrange the following atoms and ions in order of...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.3.2PE Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.4.1PE Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.4.2PE Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7.5.1PE Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7.5.2PE

Ch. 7.4 - Consider the following statements about first...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7.6.2PE Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7.7.1PE Ch. 7.4 - Write the electron configurations for (a) Ga3+...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 7.8.1PE Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 7.8.2PE Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 7.9.1PE Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 7.9.2PE Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.10.1PE Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.10.2PE Ch. 7 - Prob. 1DE Ch. 7 - Prob. 1E Ch. 7 - 7.2 Which of these spheres represents F, which...Ch. 7 - Prob. 3E Ch. 7 - Prob. 4E Ch. 7 - Prob. 5E Ch. 7 - Prob. 6E Ch. 7 - Prob. 7E Ch. 7 - Prob. 8E Ch. 7 - Prob. 9E Ch. 7 - Prob. 10E Ch. 7 - Prob. 11E Ch. 7 - 7.12 Moseley's experiments on X rays emitted from...Ch. 7 - Among elements 1-18, which element or elements...Ch. 7 - Prob. 14E Ch. 7 - Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff...Ch. 7 - Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff...Ch. 7 - Which will experience the greater effective...Ch. 7 - Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing...Ch. 7 - Prob. 19E Ch. 7 - Prob. 20E Ch. 7 - Tungsten has the highest melting point of any...Ch. 7 - Prob. 22E Ch. 7 - Estimate the As-I bond length from the data in...Ch. 7 - Prob. 24E Ch. 7 - Using only the periodic table, arrange each set of...Ch. 7 - Using only the periodic table, arrange each set of...Ch. 7 - Prob. 27E Ch. 7 - Prob. 28E Ch. 7 - Which neutral atom is isoelectronic with each of...Ch. 7 - Some ions do not have a corresponding neutral atom...Ch. 7 - Consider the isoelectronic ions F- and Na+. (a)...Ch. 7 - Prob. 32E Ch. 7 - Prob. 33E Ch. 7 - Arrange each of the following sets of atoms and...Ch. 7 - Prob. 35E Ch. 7 - In the ionic compoundsLiF,NaCI,KBr, andRbl, the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 37E Ch. 7 - 7.38 Write equations that show the process for...Ch. 7 - Prob. 39E Ch. 7 - Prob. 40E Ch. 7 - Prob. 41E Ch. 7 - (a) What is the trend in first ionization energies...Ch. 7 - Prob. 43E Ch. 7 - Prob. 44E Ch. 7 - Prob. 45E Ch. 7 - Prob. 46E Ch. 7 - Prob. 47E Ch. 7 - Prob. 48E Ch. 7 - Write an equation for the second electron affinity...Ch. 7 - If the electron affinity for an element is a...Ch. 7 - Prob. 51E Ch. 7 - 7.52 What is the relationship between the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 53E Ch. 7 - Consider the following equation: Ca + (g) + e-...Ch. 7 - 7.55(a) Does metallic character increase,...Ch. 7 - Prob. 56E Ch. 7 - Prob. 57E Ch. 7 - Prob. 58E Ch. 7 - Predict whether each of the following oxides is...Ch. 7 - Prob. 60E Ch. 7 - Would you expect manganese(II) oxide, MnO, react...Ch. 7 - Prob. 62E Ch. 7 - Prob. 63E Ch. 7 - An element X reacts with oxygen to form X02 and...Ch. 7 - Prob. 65E Ch. 7 - Prob. 66E Ch. 7 - Prob. 67E Ch. 7 - Prob. 68E Ch. 7 - Prob. 69E Ch. 7 - Write a balanced equation for the reaction that...Ch. 7 - (a) As described in Section 7.7 , the alkali...Ch. 7 - Prob. 72E Ch. 7 - Prob. 73E Ch. 7 - Prob. 74E Ch. 7 - Prob. 75E Ch. 7 - Prob. 76E Ch. 7 - Prob. 77E Ch. 7 - Prob. 78E Ch. 7 - Consider the stable elements through lead (Z =...Ch. 7 - 17.80]Figure 7.4 shows the radial probability...Ch. 7 - (a) If the core electrons were totally effective...Ch. 7 - Prob. 82AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 83AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 84AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 85AE Ch. 7 - The following observations are made about two...Ch. 7 - Prob. 87AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 88AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 89AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 90AE Ch. 7 - Explain the variation in the ionization energies...Ch. 7 - Prob. 92AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 93AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 94AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 95AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 96AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 97AE Ch. 7 - The electron affinities. in kJ/mol, for the group...Ch. 7 - 7.99 Hydrogen is an unusual element because it...Ch. 7 - Prob. 100AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 101AE Ch. 7 - Which of the following is the expected product of...Ch. 7 - Elemental cesium reacts more violently with water...Ch. 7 - Prob. 104AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 105AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 106AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 107AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 108AE Ch. 7 - Prob. 109IE Ch. 7 - Prob. 110IE Ch. 7 - Prob. 111IE Ch. 7 - Mercury in the environment can exist in oxidation...Ch. 7 - When magnesium metal is burned in air (Figure 3.6...Ch. 7 - Prob. 114IE Ch. 7 - Prob. 115IE

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