Concept explainers
1.
To Record: The transactions of Incorporation Y, assuming that it uses a FIFO perpetual inventory system to maintain its inventory records.
1.
Explanation of Solution
Perpetual Inventory System:
Perpetual Inventory System refers to the inventory system that maintains the detailed records of every inventory transactions related to purchases, and sales on a continuous basis. It shows the exact on-hand-inventory at any point of time.
First-in First-Out method (FIFO): Under FIFO method the cost of first acquired items is assigned to sales first. The value of the closing stock includes the cost of recently acquired item.
November 2: Purchased 90 units at the rate of $100 each on account:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 2 | Inventory | 9,000 | ||
Accounts Payable | 9,000 | |||
(To record the purchase of inventories on account) |
Table (1)
- Inventory is an asset and increased by $9,000. Therefore, debit the inventory account with $9,000.
- Accounts payable is a liability and increased by $9,000. Therefore, credit the accounts payable account with $9,000.
November 3: Paid a freight charge of $231:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 3 | Inventory | 231 | ||
Cash | 231 | |||
(To record the payment of freight charge) |
Table (2)
- Inventory is an asset and increased by $231. Therefore, debit the merchandised inventory account with $231.
- Cash is an asset and decreased by $231. Therefore, credit the cash account with $231.
November 9: Inventories 13 units returned to suppliers:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 9 | Accounts Payable | 1,300 | ||
Inventory | 1,300 | |||
(To record the purchase return to the supplier) |
Table (3)
Working Note:
- Accounts Payable is liability and decreased by $1,300. Therefore, debit the accounts payable account with $1,300.
- Inventory is an asset and decreased by $1,300. Therefore, credit the merchandised inventory account with $1,300.
November 11: Company T paid full amount due:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 11 | Accounts Payable | 7,700 | ||
Inventory | 231 | |||
Cash | 7,469 | |||
(To record the payment made to the supplier) |
Table (4)
Working Note:
Compute the amount of purchase discount:
Compute the amount due to the supplier:
Compute the accounts payable:
Invoice price = $9,000 (1)
Purchase return = $1,300 (2)
Compute the total amount due to the suppliers:
Accounts receivables = $7,700(4)
Purchase discount = $231 (3)
- Accounts Payable is a liability and decreased by $7,700. Therefore, debit the accounts payable account with $7,700.
- Merchandised inventory is an asset and decreased by $231. Therefore, credit the merchandised inventory account with $231.
- Cash is an asset and decreased by $7,469. Therefore, credit cash account with $7,469.
November 16: Sold 100 units on account:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 16 |
| 14,000 | ||
Sales Revenue | 14,000 | |||
(To record the sale of inventory) |
Table (5)
- Accounts Receivable is an asset account and increased by $14,000. Therefore, debit the accounts Receivable account with $14,000.
- Sales revenue is an equity account and increased by $14,000. Therefore, credit the sales revenue account with $14,000.
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 16 | Cost of Goods Sold | 9,640 | ||
Inventory | 9,640 | |||
(To record the cost of goods sold) |
Table (6)
Working Note:
Cost of goods sold:
- Cost of goods sold is an expense and has increased, which has decreased the equity by $8,440. Therefore, debit cost of goods sold account with $9,640.
- Inventory is an asset and decreased by $8,440. Therefore, credit the inventory account with $9,640.
November 20: Received full payment from customers on account:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 19 | Cash | 14,000 | ||
Accounts receivable | 14,000 | |||
(To record the full payment received from the customers on account) |
Table (7)
- Cash is an asset account and it is increased by $14,000. Therefore, debit the cash account with $14,000.
- Accounts receivable is an asset account and it is decreased by $14,000. Therefore, credit the accounts receivable account with $14,000.
November 21: Purchased 70 units at the rate of $104 each on account:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 21 | Inventory | 7,280 | ||
Accounts Payable | 7,280 | |||
(To record the purchase of inventories on account) |
Table (8)
- Inventory is an asset and increased by $7,280. Therefore, debit the inventory account with $7,280.
- Accounts payable is a liability and increased by $7,280. Therefore, credit the accounts payable account with $7,280.
November 24: Sold 90 units:
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 24 | Cash | 12,600 | ||
Sales Revenue | 12,600 | |||
(To record the sale of inventory) |
Table (9)
- Cash is an asset account and increased by $12,600. Therefore, debit the cash account with $12,600.
- Sales revenue is an equity account and increased by $12,600. Therefore, credit the sales revenue account with $12,600.
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 24 | Cost of Goods Sold | 9,212 | ||
Inventory | 9,212 | |||
(To record the cost of goods sold) |
Table (10)
Working Note:
Cost of goods sold:
- Cost of goods sold is an expense and has increased, which has decreased the equity by $9,212. Therefore, debit cost of goods sold account with $9,212.
- Inventory is an asset and decreased by $9,212. Therefore, credit the inventory account with $9,212.
2.
To Record: The transactions of Incorporation Y, assuming that it uses a LIFO perpetual inventory system to maintain its inventory records.
2.
Explanation of Solution
Record the necessary adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value.
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 30 | Cost of Goods Sold | 170 | ||
Inventory | 170 | |||
(To record the adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value) |
Table (11)
- Cost of goods sold is an expense and increased which has decreased the equity by $170. Therefore, debit cost of goods sold account with $170.
- Merchandised inventory is an asset and decreased by $170. Therefore, credit the merchandised inventory account with $170.
Working note:
Calculation of Cost of Ending Inventory | |||
Details | Number of Units | Rate per Unit ($) | Total Cost ($) |
November 21 | 17 | 104 | 1,768 |
Ending Inventory | 17 | 1,768 |
Table (12)
The ending inventory is adjusted at the cost of the inventory or net realizable value whichever is less. The cost of the FIFO ending inventory is
3.
To Record: Any necessary adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value.
3.
Explanation of Solution
Record the necessary adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value.
Date | Account Title and Explanation |
Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
November 30 | Cost of Goods Sold | 221 | ||
Inventory | 221 | |||
(To record the adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value) |
Table (11)
- Cost of goods sold is an expense and increased which has decreased the equity by $221. Therefore, debit cost of goods sold account with $221.
- Merchandised inventory is an asset and decreased by $221. Therefore, credit the merchandised inventory account with $221.
Working note:
Calculation of Cost of Ending Inventory | |||
Details | Number of Units | Rate per Unit ($) | Total Cost ($) |
November 21 | 17 | 104 | 1,768 |
Ending Inventory | 17 | 1,768 |
Table (12)
The ending inventory is adjusted at the cost of the inventory or net realizable value whichever is less. The cost of the FIFO ending inventory is
4.
To Prepare: The top section of the multiple-step income statement through gross profit for the month of November after the adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value.
4.
Explanation of Solution
Prepare the top section of the multiple-step income statement through gross profit for the month of November after the adjustment for lower of cost and net realizable value.
Incorporation Y | |
Multi-step Income Statement (Partial) | |
For the month of November | |
Particulars | $ |
Net sales | 26,600 |
Less: Cost of goods sold | 19,243 |
Gross Profit | 7,357 |
Table (12)
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