To draw: A food web and describe the consequences of humans “abstain from eating blue crab” on the food chain.
Concept introduction: Food chain is the transfer of food energy from one trophic level to successive trophic levels. In other words, food chain refers to the way an organism obtains food in the ecosystem. The primary producers (plants) are eaten by the herbivores which in turn are eaten by carnivores. The carnivores are further eaten up by the top carnivores. When the organisms die, they are decomposed by the action of decomposers and return back the nutrients to the soil. In this way, food chain continues. The food chain never exists in isolation. The food chains are interconnected to form “food web”.
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Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
- INTERPRET DATA Examine the top and middle graphs in Figure 54-5. Are these examples of exponential or logistic population growth? Where is K in each graph? (You may need to refer to Chapter 53 to answer these questions.) RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The top and middle graphs show how each species of Paramecium flourishes when grown alone. The bottom graph shows how they grow together, in competition with each other. In a mixed culture, P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum, resulting in competitive exclusion. SOURCE: Adapted from G.F. Gause, The Struggle for Existence (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1934). Figure 54-5 G.F. Gauses classic experiment on interspecific competitionarrow_forwardAn ecologist studying the availability of nutrients and the distribution of the plants that live in this habitat is working at this level. An ecologist studying the size and distribution of the Karner blue butterfly is working at this level. An ecologist studying the mutualistic relationship between the Karner blue butterfly and ants is working at this level. An ecologist studying behavior of the caterpillars when they are at different larval stages is working at this level. < Previous a Choose ] [Choose ] Community Organismal Ecosystem Population ThouT [Choose ] [Choose] No new data to save. Last checked at 6:55pm S Carrow_forwardHawaiian forests grow on nutrient-poor, volcanic-derived soils that have Very low phosphorus levels. In an experiment, scientists fertilized some areas of Hawaiian forest with phosphorus. As a control, they left other areas unfertilized. After one year, they observed increased tree growth on fertilized sites. Fertilized trees supported 37% more herbivorous insect biomass than unfertilized trees. These findings provide evidence that: Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit bottom-up structure Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit both bottom-up and top-down structure Hawaiian forests are resilient but not necessarily resistant Hawaiian forests exhibit alternate stable states Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit top-down structurearrow_forward
- For each statement, select TRUE (1) if it is consistent with the food web presented above, or FALSE (2) if it is not consistent with the food web. If poaching by humans removed many elephants, then the number of wild dogs and lions would decrease. Reducing the number of species in this food web would likely increase the amount of time it takes this food web to recover from perturbation. A drastic reduction in the number of snakes due to wildfires would strongly affect mice in this ecosystem. Assume mice are not directly affected by wildfires. If a pesticide was applied to gourds and started to bioaccumulate in them, biomagnification would result in high concentrations of the pesticide in wild dogs. If a flood removed 50% of ants, then the biomass of pheasants would also decrease by 50%. Assume pheasants are not directly affected by flooding. Ants and mice may be competing for tulips.arrow_forwardFig. 1: A subset of a simple food web from a typical oak-maple forest ecosystem from Midwest Gray fox Cooper's hawk Red tailed hawk Fox Robin Gray squirrel Chipmunk Vole squirrel Grasshopper Oak Maple Grass Fig. 2: Four types of indirect interactions| 1. Apparent competition: Negative effect of one species on another via"shared predator": (+x(-) = (-) 3. Trophic cascade: The indirect effect of top predator on the lower Gray fox trophic via "intermediate species". Three trophic [(-) x (-)) = (+), four trophic [(-)X(-)X(-)=(-)) FOx squirrel Gray Squirrel Green world Brown world (-) X (-)=(+) (-)X(-)X(-)=(-) Fox squirel Gray Squirrel 4. Indirect mutualism: A positive indirect effect of two predators on each other via distinct prey that compete: (-)X(-X(+)%3D(%) Gray squirrel Chipmunk 2. Resource Competition: Negative effect of one species on another via "shared resource" : (-) x (+) = (-) Oak Oàk Мaplearrow_forwardWhich statement about the classic competition experiments involving two Paramecium species is FALSE? The experiment involved interspecific competition. The experiment involved exploitation competition. Each species, when grown alone, exhibited logistic growth. When grown together, the species exhibited logistic growth, but each reached a lower carrying capacity than when it was grown alone.arrow_forward
- Explain the effects on the ecosystem if Wood rat were removed. Provide both positive (if any) and negative impacts on the ecosystem. Be sure and include as many of the following terms in your writing as possible: autotroph, heterotroph, producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, energy, population, increase, and decrease.arrow_forwardChoose True for yes or choose false for no for each statement 1) Gray whales may experience a shift in their realised niche True or false 2) Killer whales may no longer prey on gray whales True or false 3) Extirpation of the killer whale will not substantially affect the structure of this foodweb True or falsearrow_forwardConsider two bird species that forage for insects that live in shrubs. The shrubs have a clumped, patchy distribution throughout their habitat. The two bird species have the same ability to locate, capture, and consume the insects. However, one species (species A) uses less energy to fly from patch to patch than the other species (species B). According to the marginal value theorem, which bird species should spend more time in each patch, and why?arrow_forward
- Based on the food chain shown below, how can unregulated collection of sharkfins used in shark fin soup cause the collapse of a coral reef ecosystem? To answerthis question, continue the trend in abundance of each species indicated in the graphprovided and explain your predicted trends. edit the picture pleasearrow_forwardLake Mendota is a lake with high levels of nutrient input from agriculture that has the potential to fuel blooms of phytoplankton. In 2009 the invasive spiny water flea Bythotrephes (native to Europe and Asia) was first detected in the lake. In the figure, the food web for Lake Mendota prior to the invasion is on the left, and after the invasion on the right. Bythotrephes is a more effective predator of the herbivorous zooplankton Daphnia than the native planktivorous perch (represented by the large red arrows between Bythotrephes and Daphnia), and perch consume Bythotrephes at much lower rates than they do Daphnia (represented by the small red arrows between perch and Bythotrephes). See attached image. Part A In the food web prior to the invasion (1988-2008), what effect would increasing the abundance of pike have on the abundance of Daphnia? A) Increase B) Decrease C) Stay the same Part B What type of process or phenomenon describes the way that abundance of pike affects the…arrow_forwardLake Mendota is a lake with high levels of nutrient input from agriculture that has the potential to fuel blooms of phytoplankton. In 2009 the invasive spiny water flea Bythotrephes (native to Europe and Asia) was first detected in the lake. In the figure, the food web for Lake Mendota prior to the invasion is on the left, and after the invasion on the right. Bythotrephes is a more effective predator of the herbivorous zooplankton Daphnia than the native planktivorous perch (represented by the large red arrows between Bythotrephes and Daphnia), and perch consume Bythotrephes at much lower rates than they do Daphnia (represented by the small red arrows between perch and Bythotrephes). See attached image See second attached image for questionarrow_forward
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