Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134093413
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 50, Problem 3TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Calcium ions are vital for the contraction and relaxation of muscle cells as they are signaling molecules for muscle contraction. A nerve impulse initiates the release of calcium ions which liberates myosin attachment sites on actin filaments which induces contraction of muscles. The relaxation of muscles is gained when the calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum returns back.
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During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.
Place these structures in order from LARGEST structure to SMALLEST:
A) Myofibril
B) Myofilament (MYOSIN) 1
C) Muscle Body
D) Muscle Bundle (Fascicle)
E) Muscle Fiber
F) Myofilament (ACTIN)
15) what role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
a) calcium is not involved in skeletal muscle contraction
b) it binds to tropomyosin and moves Tripp in away from the myosin binding sit on the actin molecules
c) it's binds to Troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the actin binding sit on the myosin molecules
d) it binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the myosin binding site on the actin mole
Chapter 50 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
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Ch. 50.3 - Prob. 4CCCh. 50.4 - Explain why some taste receptor cells arid all...Ch. 50.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 50.5 - Contrast the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of a...Ch. 50.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 50.6 - Contrast swimming and flying in terms of the main...Ch. 50.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS. Peristalsis contributes to the...Ch. 50.6 - WHAT IF? When using your arms to lower yourself...Ch. 50 - Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and...Ch. 50 - How are music volume and pitch encoded in signals...Ch. 50 - Prob. 50.3CRCh. 50 - Prob. 50.4CRCh. 50 - What are two major functions of ATP hydrolysis in...Ch. 50 - Which of the following sensory receptors is...Ch. 50 - The middle ear converts (A) air pressure waves to...Ch. 50 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 50 - Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a...Ch. 50 - The transduction of sound waves into action...Ch. 50 - Although some sharks close their eyes just before...Ch. 50 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 50 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION In general, locomotion on...Ch. 50 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 50 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 50 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Bloodhounds, which are...
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- Total force in the length:force relationship is the result of a.) ideal overlap between the myosin and actin filaments b.) both active and passive force c.) alpha-actinin binding to the ends of the actin filament d.) diminished calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e.) none of the above In muscle, Vmax (maximum shortening velocity) and Fmax (maximum active force) are related to: a.) Vmax=filament overlap, Fmax=ATP hydrolysis b.) Vmax = number of attached crossbridges; Fmax = number of attached crossbridges c.) Vmax = number of attached crossbridges; Fmax = ADP release from myosin d.) Vmax = ADP release from myosin; Fmax = number of attached crossbridges In living relaxed muscle: a.) myosin will be in the rigor state b.) myosin is hydrolyzing ATP at its maximum rate c.) myosin will have the ATP or ADP and Pi in the nucleotide binding pocket d.) myosin is strongly attached to actinarrow_forwardSkeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving: 1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length 2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin 3) dynamic instability of microtubules 4)nonearrow_forwardSmooth muscles relax when: a) myosin kinase phosphorylates the myosin head b) myosin phosphatase removes a phosphate group from myosin c) Ca2 + binds to calmodulin d) Ca2 + flows out of the sarcoplasmic reticulumarrow_forward
- Striated and smooth muscle activation differ because: a.) striated muscle activation is due to structural changes in the actin thin filament while smooth muscle activation requires structural changes in the myosin thick filament b.) striated muscle excitation is voltage dependent and smooth muscle is not c.) striated muscle activation requires calcium but smooth muscle does not d.) troponin C binds calcium in striated muscle while tropomyosin binds calcium in smooth muscle e.) A & Darrow_forwardWhat causes a muscle cell to contract? A) ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin. B) Calcium ions form a bridge binding actin to myosin. C) Actin and myosin break down. D) Actin heads attached to myosin bend. E) Myosin heads attached to actin bend.arrow_forwardPick the right order for muscle contraction a) ATP attaches to myosin, muscle cell uses calcium, action potential spreads b) Calcium release, binding sites on actin are exposedmyosin binds to actin c) Myosin binds to actin, myosin uses calcium, cell gets shorter d) Action potential is received , cell gets shorter, myosin grabs actinarrow_forward
- If a muscle cell had very short T-tubules, how much tension would the muscle fiber create, relative to a normal muscle fiber? Assume sarcoplasmic reticulum can still react to activity at the neuromuscular junction. a)Less tension would be created. b) No difference in tension creation. c) More tension would be created. d) No tension would be created.arrow_forwardIn muscle cells, magnesium ions compete with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin molecules. If a person has too high a concentration of magnesium ions in the blood, magnesium ions can prevent calcium ions from binding troponin. A) What effect would this have on muscle contraction (strengthen, weaken, or no effect)? B) Use your knowledge of how muscle fibers contract to explain your answer in part A.arrow_forwardDuring muscular contraction, cross-bridges form between _____ and _____ . Multiple Choice a) myosin, tropomyosin b) myosin, troponin c) troponin, calmodulin d) actin, tropomyosin e) actin, myosinarrow_forward
- 2) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would most directly prevent which the following? a. activation of tropomyosin b. activation of troponin c. activation of actin d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forward3) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking muscle mitochondrial ATP production would result in the inability of the muscle to make ATP from ___________. a. creatine phosphate b. anaerobic glycolysis c. aerobic respiration d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forwardChoose the best description of how myosin and actin are arranged within the two types of protein filaments in myofibrils. a.) Actin makes up the think filaments, and myosin makes up the thin filaments. b.) Myosin makes up the think filaments, and actin makes up the thin filaments. c.) Myosin and actin are randomly interspersed in the think filaments but are absent from the thin filaments. d.) Myosin and actin overlap with each other to make up both the think and thin filaments.arrow_forward
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