Chapter 5, Problem 5.31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of unpaired electrons present in ground state electronic configuration of $\text{Ge}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Electrons of an atom are arranged in orbitals by the order of increasing energy.  This arrangement is known as electronic configuration of atom.  This can be represented using noble-gas shorthand notation also.

In the noble-gas shorthand notation of electronic configuration, the electrons that are in excess in comparison with the nearest noble gas is written.  The symbol of nearest noble-gas is written in square brackets followed by the excess electrons.

Each orbital has two electrons and they both are in opposite spin.  Electrons are filled up in the orbitals of a sub-shell by following Hund’s rule.  This rule tells that all the orbitals are singly filled in a sub-shell and then the pairing occurs.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of unpaired electrons present in ground state electronic configuration of $\text{Se}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of unpaired electrons present in ground state electronic configuration of $\text{V}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of unpaired electrons present in ground state electronic configuration of $\text{Fe}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).