Chapter 5, Problem 51P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest as the ion-ion attractive forces are the strongest because they require the maximum amount of energy to break. Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

The covalent bond energy depends on the strength of the bond or the number of shared pairs of electrons and the difference in the electronegativity. Different types of covalent bonds have different bond energies. Carbon-carbon triple bonds nave higher energy than carbon-carbon double bonds, which in tum, nave higher energy than a carbon-carbon single bond.

Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

London dispersion forces are weak intermolecular forces that arise due to electrostatic interactions. Electron density in any atom sometimes shifts more towards one-part of the atom and creates a temporary dipole. The attractions between these temporarily induced dipoles are called London dispersion forces. Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

London dispersion forces are the weak forces of attraction which depend on the mass, size, and shape of the interacting molecules. Due to acting upon large surface areas, they contribute to the attractive forces within the large molecules. Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

London dispersion forces are weak forces of attraction which arise due to electrostatic interactions, and they exist between all molecules, whether they are nonpolar or polar. Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

London dispersion forces are weak forces of attraction which exist between all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. It the temperature falls far enough, even nonpolar molecules, such as He, Ne, H₂, and CH₄, can be liquefied. Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

The intermolecular forces of attraction between gas particles are fragile. The kinetic energy of molecules depends on temperature and has some significant amounts of energy. Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

A dipole is a pair of opposite charges of equal magnitude separated at a distance. Dipole-dipole interaction is the attraction between two opposite ends of two dipoles or the positive end of one dipole and the negative end of another dipole.

Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(i)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Of the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Dipole-dipole interaction exists between dipoles. The CO molecule is a polar molecule, as carbon and oxygen nave three covalent bonds, one double bond, and one dative coordinate bond towards carbon from oxygen. Due to this coordinate bond, CO behaves like a dipole. CO₂ has linear geometry and is a centrosymmetric molecule Thus; its dipole moment is zero. However, individual C —O bonds form a dipole. Therefore, dipole-dipole interactions are possible between CO₂ molecules. Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(j)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

The dipole-dipole interactions exist between two identical polar molecules or between two different polar molecules. For such an interaction, the molecule should be polar. The strength of the dipole interaction depends on the electronegativity difference of the molecules. It the electronegativity difference for both molecules of the same molecular weight is the same, then the strength of the dipole-dipole interaction will be the same for both of the molecules. Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(k)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding occurs due to the dipole-dipole interaction of a molecule, which has a hydrogen atom on the positive end of one dipole and an atom of higher electronegativity (O, N, or F) at the negative end of another dipole. Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(l)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

The strength of a $\text{O}—\text{H}$ covalent bond in water is approximately 119 kcal/mol, while the strength of hydrogen bonding ranges from 2 kcal/mol to 10 kcal/mol. It explains that the hydrogen bond is considerably weaker than the covalent bond in water. Hence, this statement is false.

Interpretation Introduction

(m)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

The three major intermolecular forces between molecules are hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces, and all of them are electrostatic, as these forces occur between positive for negative and negative for positive charges. Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(n)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

The hydrogen bonding in a water molecule has an important effect on the physical properties of liquid water. A hydrogen bond needs extra energy to separate each water molecule. Hence water has a high boiling point. Sulfur is less electronegative; thus, it has weak hydrogen bonding as compared to a water molecule. So, not as much heat is required to boil H₂ S. Hence, this statement is true.

Interpretation Introduction

(o)

Interpretation:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

From the force of attraction between particles, London dispersion forces are the weakest and covalent are the strongest. All the covalent bonds have approximately the same energy. London dispersion forces arise because of the attraction of temporary induced dipoles.

Answer to Problem 51P

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Oxygen is the second highest electronegative element, while nitrogen is the third most electronegative element in the periodic table. The hydrogen bonding In two different compounds depends on the electronegativity of the elements. Therefore, the strength of hydrogen bonding in an O-H bond is greater than in an N-H bond. Hence, this statement is false.