1. (a)
Elaborate the meaning of the term cost as used for financial reporting in conformity with GAAP and also explain the different characteristics of the terms and their connections and other dissimilar items.
1. (b)
Elaborate the meaning of the term expense as used for financial reporting in conformity with GAAP and also explain the different characteristics of the terms and their connections and other dissimilar items.
1. (c)
Elaborate the meaning of the term loss as used for financial reporting in conformity with GAAP and also explain the different characteristics of the terms and their connections and other dissimilar items.
2.
Categorize each of the following items as a cost, expense, loss, or other category, and also elaborate the manner in which the classification of each item may change.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Intermediate Accounting: Reporting and Analysis
- An important task ¡n the audit of the revenue cycle is determining whether a client has appropriately recognized revenue. a. What is the five-step process that companies should use in recognizing revenue? Why might the auditor need to do additional research and consider additional criteria on revenue recognition? b. The following are situations in which the auditor will make decisions about the amount of revenue to be recognized. For each of the following scenarios, labeled (1) through (6): . Identify the key issues to address in determining whether or not revenue should he recognized. . Identify additional information the auditor may want to gather in making a decision on revenue recognition. . Based only on the information presented, develop a rationale for either the recognition or nonrecognition of revenue. 1. AOL sells software that is unique as a provider of Internet services. The software contract includes a service fee of $19.95 for up to 500 hours of Internet service each month. The minimum requirement is a one-year contract. The company proposes to immediately recognize 30% of the first-year’s contract as revenue from the sale of software and 70% as Internet services on a monthly basis as fees are collected from the customer. 2. Modis Manufacturing builds specialty packaging machinery for other manufacturers. All of the products are high end and range in sales price from $5 million to $25 million. A major customer is rebuilding one of its factories and has ordered three machines with total revenue for Modis of $45 million. The contracted date to complete the production was November, and the company met the contract dare. The customer acknowledges the contract and confirms the amount. However, because the factory is not yet complete, it has asked Modis to hold the products in the ware house as a courtesy until its building is complete. 3. Standish Stoneware has developed a new low-end line of baking products that will be sold directly to consumers and to low-end discount retailers. The company had previously sold high-end silverware products to specialty stores and has a track record of returned items for the high-end stores. The new products tend to have more defects, but the defects are not necessarily recognizable ¡n production. For example, they are more likely to crack when first used in baking. The company does not have a history of returns from these products, but because the products are new, it grants each customer the right to return the merchandise for a full refund or replacement within one year of purchase. 4. Omer Technologies is a high-growth company that sells electronic products to the custom copying business. It is an industry with high innovation, but Omer’s technology is basic. In order to achieve growth, management has empowered the sales staff to make special deals to increase sales in the fourth quarter of the year. The sales deals include a price break and an increased salesperson commission but not an extension of either the product warranty or the customer’s right to return the product. 5. Electric City is a new company that has the exclusive right to a new technology that saves municipalities a substantial amount of energy for large-scale lighting purposes (e.g., for ball fields, parking lots, and shop ping centers). The technology has been shown to be very cost effective in Europe. In order to get new customers to try the product, the sales force allows customers to try the product for up to six months to prove the amount of energy savings they will realize. The company is so confident that customers will buy the product that it allows this pilot-testing period. Revenue is recognized at the time the product is installed at the customer location, with a small provision made for potential returns. 6. Jackson Products decided to quit manufacturing a line of its products and outsourced the production. However, much of its manufacturing equipment could be used by other companies. In addition, it had over $5 million of new manufacturing equipment on order in a noncancelable deal. The company decided to become a sales representative to sell the new equipment ordered and its existing equipment. All of the sales were recorded as revenue.arrow_forwardAn accountant must be familiar with the concepts involved in determining earnings of a business entity. The amount of earnings reported for a business entity is dependent on the proper recognition, in general, of revenues and expenses for a given time period. In some situations, costs are recognized as expenses at the time of product sale. In other situations, guidelines have been developed for recognizing costs as expenses or losses by other criteria. Instructions a. Explain the rationale for recognizing costs as expenses at the time of product sale. b. What is the rationale underlying the appropriateness of treating costs as expenses of a period instead of assigning the costs to an asset? Explain. c. In what general circumstances would it be appropriate to treat a cost as an asset instead of as an expense? Explain. d. Some expenses are assigned to specific accounting periods on the basis of systematic and rational allocation of asset cost. Explain the underlying rationale…arrow_forwardAn analyst must be familiar with the determination of income. Income reported for a business entity depends on proper recognition of revenues and expenses. In certain cases, costs are recog- nized as expenses at the time of product sale; in other situations, guidelines are applied in capi- talizing costs and recognizing them as expenses in future periods. Required: a. Under what circumstances is it appropriate to capitalize a cost as an asset instead of expensing it? Explain. b. Certain expenses are assigned to specific accounting periods on the basis of systematic and rational allocation of asset cost. Explain the rationale for recognizing expenses on such a basis.arrow_forward
- Are the financial reports contained in the annual report considered financial accounting reports or management accounting, clarify this and provide evidence to prove it? Can the costs contained in the income statement be used to analyze the relationship between cost, volume and profit (CVP), if the answer is yes, then the tools that can be used in this CVP analysis are clarified, and if this analysis cannot be used, the reasons will be clarified?arrow_forwardWhich documents would an auditor most likely choose to examine closely to ascertain that all expenditures incurred during the accounting period have been recorded as a liability?a. invoices b. purchase orders c. purchase requisitions d. receiving reportsarrow_forwardAccountants try to prepare income statements that are as accurate as possible. A basic requirement in preparing accurate income statements is to record costs and revenues properly. Proper recognition of costs andrevenues requires that costs resulting from typical business operations be recognized in the period in which they expired. Instructions(a) List three criteria that can be used to determine whether such costs should appear as charges in the income statement for the current period.(b) As generally presented in financial statements, the following items or procedures have been criticized as improperly recognizing costs. Briefly discuss each item from the viewpoint of matching costs with revenues and suggest corrective or alternative means of presenting the financial information.(1) Receiving and handling costs.(2) Cash discounts on purchases.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is/ are not true? Financial accounting information can be used for internal reporting purposes. Routine information can be used to make decisions regarding both long term and the short term. Management accounting provides information relevant to decision making, planning, control and evaluation of performances. Cost accounting can only be used to provide inventory valuations for internal reporting.arrow_forwardIn depreciating the cost of an asset, accountants are most concerned witha. Conservatism.b. Recognizing revenue in the appropriate period.c. Full disclosure.d. Recognizing expense in the appropriate period.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is an example of "other information" that could be used by an auditor as evidential matter supporting the financial statements? Worksheets supporting cost allocations. Accounting manuals. Special journals. Confirmation of accounts receivable.arrow_forward
- Select all the items that are not relevant for decision making from the list below: A. Loss in gross margin B. Direct advertising C. General advertising D. Rent E. Depreciation: Store fixtures F. Depreciation: Delivery equipment G. Store management salaries H. General office salaries I. General office - other J. Insurance K. Utilities L. Employment taxesarrow_forwardWhich of the following accounts would most likely be audited in connection with a related balance-sheet account?a. Property Tax Expense.b. Payroll Expense.c. Research and Development.d. Legal Expense.arrow_forwardAudit Procedures for Marketing and Advertising Expenses Auditing marketing and advertising expenses is crucial to ensure that financial statements accurately reflect the company's expenditures and comply with accounting standards. Here are comprehensive steps involved in auditing marketing and advertising expenses: 1. Understanding Company Policies: Obtain a clear understanding of the company's policies and procedures regarding the recognition and classification of marketing and advertising expenses. Review internal documentation, such as expense policies and manuals, to understand the criteria for capitalization and expensing. 2. Segregation of Expenses: Ensure proper segregation of marketing and advertising expenses from other operational costs in the general ledger. Confirm that there is a distinct account or accounts dedicated to these expenses for accurate financial reporting. 3. Expense Authorization and Approval: Review the authorization process…arrow_forward
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