The graph which shows the relationship between yields and maturities on a particular date is known as the yield curve, and this relationship is simply called the term structure of securities. The yield curve could be upward sloping where the long-term yields are higher than the short-term yields and is also known as normal yield curve. However, if the long-term yields are lower than the short-term yields then the slope with be downward sloping and is referred to as inverted or abnormal yield curve. Interest rate consists of risk-free rate, real risk-free rate and inflation premium, and a risk premium such as liquidity risk (LP), default risk (DRP) and maturity risk (MRP). Since, real risk-free rate generally remains constant, it is the changes in the expectation of risk premium and inflation which affects the interest rate of the security. Hence, inflation expectation is the most significant reason for changes in yield and determination of yield curve. Interest rate or yield on treasuries can be determined using the below equation, where default risk premium DRP and liquidity premium (LP) is zero, as treasuries are considered as liquid and default free investment. Maturity risk premium (MRP) is there as they have differing maturity securities issued. r T r e a s u r y = r R F + M R P = ( r * + I P ) + M R P Expectation theory states that the shape of the yield curve depends on the expectation of future inflation rate and hence an increasing inflation rate will result in an upward sloping curve whereas a decreasing rate would result in downward sloping curve. Yield on any bond is the average of the interest rates that is expected during its life and hence the yield of a bond with n year to maturity will be as below: Yield on n-year bond = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + .... + R n n Here, Interest rate for the first year of bond’s remaining life is “ R 1 ” Interest rate for the second year of bond’s remaining life is “ R 2 ” and so on. Annual risk-free rate for 2019, 2020 and 2021 would be 2.2%, 1.8% and 2.9% respectively. The bonds have no other risks.

Question

National Bank currently has $500 million in transaction deposits on its balance sheet. The current reserve requirement is 10 percent, but the Federal Reserve is decreasing this requirement to 8 percent. Show the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve and National Bank if National Bank converts all excess reserves to loans, but borrowers return only 50 percent of these funds to National Bank as transaction deposits. Show the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve and National Bank if National Bank converts 75 percent of its excess reserves to loans and borrowers return 60 percent of these funds to National Bank as transaction deposits.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 14PROB

Summary Introduction

The graph which shows the relationship between yields and maturities on a particular date is known as the yield curve, and this relationship is simply called the term structure of securities. The yield curve could be upward sloping where the long-term yields are higher than the short-term yields and is also known as normal yield curve. However, if the long-term yields are lower than the short-term yields then the slope with be downward sloping and is referred to as inverted or abnormal yield curve.

Interest rate consists of risk-free rate, real risk-free rate and inflation premium, and a risk premium such as liquidity risk (LP), default risk (DRP) and maturity risk (MRP). Since, real risk-free rate generally remains constant, it is the changes in the expectation of risk premium and inflation which affects the interest rate of the security. Hence, inflation expectation is the most significant reason for changes in yield and determination of yield curve.

Interest rate or yield on treasuries can be determined using the below equation, where default risk premium DRP and liquidity premium (LP) is zero, as treasuries are considered as liquid and default free investment. Maturity risk premium (MRP) is there as they have differing maturity securities issued.

rTreasury=rRF+MRP =(r*+IP)+MRP

Expectation theory states that the shape of the yield curve depends on the expectation of future inflation rate and hence an increasing inflation rate will result in an upward sloping curve whereas a decreasing rate would result in downward sloping curve.

Yield on any bond is the average of the interest rates that is expected during its life and hence the yield of a bond with n year to maturity will be as below:

Yield on n-year bond=R1+R2+R3+....+Rnn

Here,

Interest rate for the first year of bond’s remaining life is “R1”

Interest rate for the second year of bond’s remaining life is “R2”

and so on.

Annual risk-free rate for 2019, 2020 and 2021 would be 2.2%, 1.8% and 2.9% respectively. The bonds have no other risks.

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