Problem 1DE: One of the important ideas of thermodynamics is that energy can be transferred in the form of heat... Problem 1E: Two positively charged spheres, each with a charge of 2.0x10-5 C, a mass of 1.0 kg, and separated by... Problem 2E: SI The accompanying photo shows a pipevine swallowtail caterpillar climbing up a twig. As the... Problem 3E: Consider the accompanying energy diagram. Does this diagram represent an increase or decrease in the... Problem 4E: The contents of the closed box in each of the following illustrations represent a system, and the... Problem 5E: Imagine that you are climbing a mountain. Is the distance you travel to the top a state function? Is... Problem 6E: The diagram shows four states of a system, each with different internal energy, E. Which of the... Problem 7E: You may have noticed that when you compress the air in a bicycle pump, the body of the pump gets... Problem 8E: Imagine a container placed in a tub of water, as depicted in the accompanying diagram. If the... Problem 9E: In the accompanying cylinder diagram, a chemical process occurs at constant temperature and... Problem 10E Problem 11E: Consider the two diagrams that follow. Based on (i), write an equation showing how HA is related to... Problem 12E: Consider the conversion of compound A into compound B: A-)B. For both compounds A and A and... Problem 13E: What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) between an electron and a proton that we... Problem 14E: What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) between two protons that are separated by 62... Problem 15E: The electrostatic force (not energy) of attraction between two oppositely charged objects is given... Problem 16E: Use the equations given in Problem 5.15 to calculate: The electrostatic force of repulsion for two... Problem 17E: A sodium ion, Na+, with a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 C and a chloride ion, Cl2, with charge of - 1.6 x... Problem 18E: A magnesium ion, Mg2+, with a charge of 3.2 x 10-19 C and an oxide ion, 02 , with a charge of - 3.2... Problem 19E: Identify the force present and explain whether work is being performed in the following cases: You... Problem 20E: Identify the force present and explain whether work is done when a positively charged particle moves... Problem 21E: Which of the following cannot leave or enter a closed system: heat, work, or matter? Which cannot... Problem 22E Problem 23E: According to the first law of thermodynamics, what quantity is conserved? What is meant by the... Problem 24E: Write an equation that expresses the first law of thermodynamics in terms of heat and work. Under... Problem 25E: Calculate AB and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic for the following cases:... Problem 26E: For the following processes, calculate the change in internal energy of the system and determine... Problem 27E: A gas is confined to a cylinder fitted with a piston and an electrical heater, as shown here:... Problem 28E: Consider a system consisting of two oppositely charged spheres hanging by strings and separated by a... Problem 29E: What is meant by the term state function? Give an example of a quantity that is a state function and... Problem 30E: Indicate which of the following is independent of the path by which a change occurs: the change in... Problem 31E: During a normal breath, our lungs expand about 0.50 L against an external pressure of 1.0 atm. How... Problem 32E: How much work (in J) is involved in a chemical reaction if the volume decreases from 5.00 to 1.26 L... Problem 33E: Why is the change in enthalpy usually easier to measure than the change in internal energy? H is a... Problem 34E: Under what condition will the enthalpy change of a process equal the amount of heat transferred into... Problem 35E: Assume that the following reaction occurs at constant pressure: 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g)2 AlCl3(s) If you... Problem 36E: Suppose that the gas-phase reaction 2NO(g) + 02(g) 2NO2(g) werecarried out in a constant-volume... Problem 37E: A gas is confined to a cylinder under constant atmospheric pressure, as illustrated in Figure 5.4... Problem 38E: A gas is confined to a cylinder under constant atmospheric pressure, as illustrated in Figure 6.4.... Problem 39E: The complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), to formH20(g) and CO2{g) at constant pressure... Problem 40E: The decomposition of Ca(OH)2(s) into CaO(s) and H20(g) at constant pressure requires the addition of... Problem 41E: Ozone, 03(9), is a form of elemental oxygen that plays an important role in the absorption of... Problem 42E:
5.42 Without referring to tables, predict which of the following has the higher enthalpy in each... Problem 43E: Consider the following reaction: 2 Mg(s) + 02(g)2 MgO(s) H-1204 kJ Is this reaction exothermic or... Problem 44E:
544 Consider the following reaction:
2 CH3OH(g)→2CH4 (g) + 02(g) = + 252.8 kJ
a. Is this reaction... Problem 45E: When solutions containing silver ions and chloride ions are mixed, silver chloride precipitates Ag+... Problem 46E: At one time, a common means of forming small quantities of oxygen gas in the laboratory was to heat... Problem 47E:
5.47 Consider the combustion of liquid methanol, CH3011(l):
CH3OH(l) O2(g)→ CO2(g)+ 2H2O(1)
= -... Problem 48E:
5.48 Consider the decomposition of liquid benzene,C6H6(l) to gaseous acetylene, C2H2(g):
C6 H 6... Problem 49E: 5.49
a What are the units of molar heat capacity?
What are the units of specific heat?
If you know... Problem 50E: Two solid objects, A and B, are placed in boiling water and allowed to come to the temperature of... Problem 51E: What is the specific heat of liquid water? What is the molar heat capacity of liquid water? What is... Problem 52E:
5.52
a. Which substance in Table 5.2 requires the smallest amount of energy to increase the... Problem 53E: The specific heat of octane, C8H18(l), is 2.22 J/g-K. How many J of heat are needed to raise the... Problem 54E:
6.54 Consider the data about gold metal in Exercise 5.26(b).
a. Based on the data, calculate the... Problem 55E: When a 6-50-g sample of solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in 100 0 g of water in a coffee-cup... Problem 56E:
5.56
a. When a 4 25-g sample of solid ammonium nitrate dissolves in 60 0 g of water in a coffee-cup... Problem 57E: A 2.200-g sample of quinone (C5H402) is burned in a bomb calorimeter whose total heat capacity is... Problem 58E:
8.68 A 1.800-g sample of phenol (C6H5OH) was burned in a bomb calorimeter whose total heat capacity... Problem 59E: Under constant-volume conditions, the heat of combustion of glucose (C6H12O6) is 15.57kJ/g. A 3... Problem 60E:
5.60 Under constant-volume conditions, the heat of combustion of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) is 26.38... Problem 61E:
5.61 Can you use an approach similar to Hess's law to calculate the change in internal energy, E,... Problem 62E:
5.62 Consider the following hypothetical reactions:
A B = + 30 kJ
B C = + 60 kJ
Use... Problem 63E: Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction P4O6(s) + 2 O2(g) -P4O10(s) given the following... Problem 64E: From the enthalpies of reaction calculate H for the reaction CO(g) + 2 H2(g) 3OH(g) Problem 65E: From the enthalpies of reaction Calculate H for the reaction of ethylene with F2: C2H4(g) + 6 F2(g)... Problem 66E: Given the data use Hess's law to calculate H for the reaction N20(g) + NO2(g) NO(g) Problem 67E:
5.67
What is meant by the term standard conditions with reference to enthalpy changes?
What is... Problem 68E: S
5.68
What is the value of the standard enthalpy of formation of an element in its most stable... Problem 69E: For each of the following compounds, write a balanced thermochemical equation depicting the... Problem 70E: Write balanced equations that describe the formation of the following compounds from elements in... Problem 71E: The following is known as the thermite reaction: 2A1(s) + Fe2O3(s)Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s) This highly... Problem 72E:
5.72 Many portable gas heaters and grills use propane, C3H8(g), as a fuel. Using standard... Problem 73E: Using values from Appendix C , calculate the standard enthalpy change for each of the following... Problem 74E:
5.74 Using values from Appendix C, calculate the value of 24H° for each of the following... Problem 75E: Complete combustion of 1 mol of acetone (C2H6O) liberates 1790 kJ: C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) +... Problem 76E: Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water to form acetylene (C2H2) and Ca(OH)2. From the following... Problem 77E:
5.77 Gasoline is composed primarily of hydrocarbons, including many with eight carbon atoms,... Problem 78E Problem 79E: Ethanol (C2H5OH) is blended with gasoline as an automobile fuel. Write a balanced equation for the... Problem 80E:
5.80 Methanol (CH3OH) is used as a fuel in race cars.
Write a balanced equation for the... Problem 81E:
5.81 Without doing any calculations, predict the sign of for each of the following... Problem 82E:
5.82 Without doing any calculations, predict the sign of for each of the following reactions:
2... Problem 83E: Use bond enthalpies in Table 5.4 Q to estimate for each of the following reactions: a. H - H(g) + Br... Problem 84E: Use bond enthalpies in Table 5.40 to estimate for each of the following reactions: a. b. Problem 85E: Use enthalpies of formation given in Appendix C to calculate for the reaction Br2(g) 2 Br(g), and... Problem 86E:
5.86
The nitrogen atoms in an N2 molecule are held together by a triple bond; use enthalpies of... Problem 87E:
5.87 Consider the reaction 2H(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
Use the bond enthalpies in Table 5.4 to... Problem 88E:
5.88 Consider the reaction H2(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g).
Use the bond enthalpies in Table 5.4 to... Problem 89E:
5.89
What is meant by the term fuel value?
Which is a greater source of energy as food, 5 g of fat... Problem 90E:
5.90
Which releases the most energy when metabolized, 1 g of carbohydrates or 1 g of fat?
A... Problem 91E:
5.91
A serving of a particular ready-to-serve chicken noodle soup contains 2.5 g fat, 14 g... Problem 92E:
5.92 A pound of plain M&M® candies contains 96 g fat, 320 g carbohydrate, and 21 g protein. What... Problem 93E:
5.93 The heat of combustion of fructose, C6H12O6, is — 2812kJ/mol. If a fresh golden delicious... Problem 94E:
5.94 The heat of combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), is — 1367Wmol. A batch of Sauvignon Blanc wine... Problem 95E:
5.95 The standard enthalpies of formation of gaseous propyne (C3H4), propylene (C3H6), and propane... Problem 96E:
5.98 It is interesting to compare the ‘fuel value’ of a hydrocarbon in a hypothetical world where... Problem 97E: At the end of 2012, global population was about 7.0 billion people. What mass of glucose in kg would... Problem 98E:
5.98 The automobile fuel called E85 consists of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 can be used in... Problem 99AE: The air bags that provide protection in automobiles in the event of an accident expand because of a... Problem 100AE:
5.100 An aluminum can of a soft drink is placed in a freezer. Later, you find that the can is... Problem 101AE:
5.101 Consider a system consisting of the following apparatus, in which gas is confined on one... Problem 102AE: A sample of gas is contained in a cylinder-and-piston arrangement it undergoes the change in state... Problem 103AE: Limestone stalactites and stalagmites are formed in caves by the following reaction: Ca2+ (aq)... Problem 104AE: Consider the systems shown in Figure 5.10. In one case the battery becomes completely discharged by... Problem 105AE:
5.105 A house is designed to have passive solar energy features. Brickwork incorporated into the... Problem 106AE:
5.108 A coffee-cup calorimeter of the type shown in Figure 5.18 contains 150.0 g of water at 25.1... Problem 107AE:
5.107
When a 0.235-9 sample of benzoic acid is combusted in a bomb calorimeter (Figure 5.19), the... Problem 108AE:
5.108 Meals-ready-to-eat (MREs) are military meals that can be heated on a flameless heater. The... Problem 109AE: 5.109 Burning methane in oxygen can produce three different carbon-containing products: soot (very... Problem 110AE Problem 111AE:
5.111 From the following data for three prospective fuels, calculate which could provide the most... Problem 112AE: The hydrocarbons acetylene (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) have the sum empirical formula. Benzene is an... Problem 113AE: Ammonia (NH3) boils at -33 °C; at this temperature it has a density of 0.81 g/cm3. The enthalpy of... Problem 114AE:
5.114 Three common hydrocarbons that contain four carbons are listed here, along with their... Problem 115AE:
5.115 A 201-lb man decides to add to his exercise routine by walking up three flights of stairs (45... Problem 116AE:
5.116 TheSun supplies about 1.0 kilowatt of energy for each square meter of surface area (
1.0... Problem 117AE:
5.117 Itis estimated that the net amount of carbon dioxide fixed by photosynthesis on the landmass... Problem 118IE:
5.118 At 20 °C (approximately room temperature) the average velocity of N2molecules in air is 1050... Problem 119IE: Suppose an Olympic diver who weighs 52.0 kg executes a straight dive from a 10-m platform. At the... Problem 120IE:
5.120 Consider the combustion of a single molecule of CH4 (g), forming H20(l) as a product.
How... Problem 121IE:
5.121 Consider the following unbalanced oxidation-reduction reactions in aqueous solution:
Ag+(aq)... Problem 122IE: Consider the following acid-neutralization reactions involving the strong base NaOH(aq): HNO3(aq) +... Problem 123IE:
5.123 Consider two solutions, the first being 50.0 mL of 1.00 MCuSO4 and the second 50.0 mL of... Problem 124IE: The precipitation reaction between AgNO3(aq) and NaCl(aq) proceeds as follows: AgNO3(aq)... Problem 125IE:
5.125 A sample of a hydrocarbon is combusted completely in O2(g) to produce 21.83 g CO2(g), 4.47 g... Problem 126IE:
5.126 The methane molecule, CH4, has the geometry shown in Figure 2.17 . Imagine a hypothetical... Problem 127IE:
5.127 One of the best-selling light, or low-calorie, beers is 4.2% alcohol by volume and a 12-oz... format_list_bulleted