Campbell Biology 11th Edition - Valuepack
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134833545
Author: Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece Neil A. Campbell Lisa A. Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 48, Problem 48.4CR
Summary Introduction
To review: Why the drugs used in nervous system diseases are targeted against receptors rather than neurotransmitters.
Introduction:
Neurotransmitters or chemical messengers are the molecules that are available for the transmission of impulses from one neuron to another neuron, a muscle or a gland. It is released from the pre-synaptic cell and acts on the receptors that are present in the post-synaptic cell.
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Why are there multiple receptor subtypes for eachneurotransmitter? Why not a few receptors and lots ofneurotransmitters acting on each receptor?
Studies have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have lower than normal amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine excitatory neurotransmitters in their synapses. Methylphenidate is one of the drugs prescribed to individuals with ADHD. It prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters from the synapses, thereby keeping these neurotransmitters in the synapses longer. Which of the following rows correctly identify the effects of methylphenidate in individuals with ADHD?
Select one:
a. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
b. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
c. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
d. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
Studies have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have lower than normal amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine excitatory neurotransmitters in their synapses. Methylphenidate is one of the drugs prescribed to individuals with ADHD. It prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters from the synapses, thereby keeping these neurotransmitters in the synapses longer. Which of the following rows correctly identify the effects of methylphenidate in individuals with ADHD?
Select one:
a. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
b. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
c. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
d. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
Chapter 48 Solutions
Campbell Biology 11th Edition - Valuepack
Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 48.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 48.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 48.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cell's membrane potential...Ch. 48.2 - MAKE CONNECTiONS Review Figure 7.10, which...Ch. 48.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 48.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 48.3 - How do both negative and positive feedback...Ch. 48.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.4 - Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the...Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 48 - How would severing an axon affect the flow of...Ch. 48 - Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a...Ch. 48 - Prob. 48.3CRCh. 48 - Prob. 48.4CRCh. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? (A)...Ch. 48 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is the most direct result...Ch. 48 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 48 - WHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 48 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 48 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION An action potential is an...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 48 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYU
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- What is the most common specific drug that alters synapse activity and behavior?arrow_forwardWhat are neurotransmitters ? Why are they used ?arrow_forwardSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…arrow_forward
- Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse, leading to a rapid rise of dopamine in the synapse. Which of the following best describes what will likely occur as a result of increased dopamine in the synapse? The presynaptic cell will be unable to release more neurotransmitter. the postsynaptic cell will return to its resting potential, causing feelings of well-being. The postsynaptic cell will be constantly activated, causing feelings of euphoria. The postsynaptic cell will respond more quickly to a change in output of the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria. The buildup of neurotransmitter will activate the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.arrow_forwardA neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons, nerve cells, and other cells in the body. a) Identify two disorders that can result in a depletion, damage, or lack of neurotransmitters in our body. Then list and explain at least two neurotransmitters that can result in these disorders developing.arrow_forwardA drug belonging to the class of monoamine oxidase inhibitors has the following function: Group of answer options Increases the permeability of calcium Increases the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft Increases the level of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft Increases the level of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft Increases the breakdown of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleftarrow_forward
- Which serotonin agents is NOT acting via interaction with membrane serotonin receptors? a) Ondansetron b) Trazodone c) Sumatriptan d) Citalopram e) Ketanserin Please answer asaparrow_forwardWhich of the following describes the axon hillock? Part of neuron that passes nerve impulses to another cell Part of neuron that connects the axon to the neuron cell body Part of neuron that stores neurotransmitters Endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron Part of neuron that gives rise to axon collateralsarrow_forwardImagine that a new type of psychoactive drug has been developed in a laboratory. It works by slowing the reuptake of dopamine in some brain circuits, increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. It also blocks serotonin binding in other brain circuits. Based on only this information, you can conclude that this new psychoactive drug is a: dopamine and serotonin antagonist. dopamine antagonist and serotonin agonist. dopamine and serotonin agonist. dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist.arrow_forward
- In the overall scheme, of proposed causes of neurotransmitter dysfunction, the following is true: alteration of dopamine concentration influences obsession alteration of serotonin concentration can affect the attention function Dysfunctional production of the neurotransmitters, mentioned in class, can influence cognitive function dysfunction in the production of neurotransmitters happens only in the elderlyarrow_forwardDrugs that have been developed to potentiate inhibitory neurotransmitters (like gamma amino butyric acid and glycine) include all of the following except: tranquilizers tacrine ethanol valium barbituratesarrow_forwardReserpine is a drug that can control high blood pressure by reducing the number of catecholamine neurotransmitters present in the synapse. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are examples of catecholamine neurotransmitters. One of the known side effects of reserpine is to cause the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement are gradually destroyed and the neurons can no longer produce dopamine to coordinate muscle movements. Reserpine causes symptoms by a. inhibiting the release of dopamine from the presynaptic neuron b. blocking the dopamine receptor in the postsynaptic neuron c. breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse d. breaking down cholinesterase enzyme in the synapsearrow_forward
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