Detecting anthrax. Researchers at the University of South Florida Center for Biological Defense have developed a safe method for rapidly detecting anthrax spores in powders and on surfaces (USF Magazine, Summer 2002). The method has been found to work well even when there are very few anthrax spores in a powder specimen. Consider a powder specimen that has exactly 10 anthrax spores. Suppose that the number of anthrax spores in the sample detected by this method follows an approximate uniform distribution between 0 and 10.
- a. Find the
probability that 8 or fewer anthrax spores are detected in the powder specimen. - b. Find the probability that between 2 and 5 anthrax spores are detected in the powder specimen.
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- Step 9 (b) Use Fisher's LSD procedure to test whether there is a significant difference between the means for treatments A and B, treatments A and C, and treatments B and C. Use α = 0.05. A hypothesis test for the population of treatment means can lead to the conclusion that not all the population means are equal, but it does not indicate which population means may differ. Fisher's least significant difference, LSD, procedure can be used to pinpoint where these differences occur. The test statistic will be calculated as the absolute value of the difference between two sample means, x₁ - x;. This test statistic will be compared to the value of LSD, the formula of which is given below. The variable t/2 is based on a t distribution with n, - k degrees of freedom with a significance level of a, MSE is the mean square error, n, is the number of observations for population i, and n, is the number of observations for population j. / MSE (171, + 121,) LSD = ta/2V A significance level of a =…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region 1: x1;n1=15 857 1,551 1,230 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 region 11: x2;n2-14 538 812 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 1,020 (a)Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) x1= ppm s1= ppm x2= ppm s2= ppm…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions Region I: x1; n1 = 15 855 1550 1230 875 1080 2330 1850 1860 2340 1080 910 1130 1450 1260 1010 Region II: x2; n2 = 14 540 810 790 1230 1770 960 1650 860 890 640 1180 1160 1050 1020 (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to one decimal place.) x1 = ppm s1 = ppm x2 = ppm s2 = ppm…arrow_forward
- Inorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region I: x,; n, = 15 857 1,553 1,230 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 Region II: x2; n2 = 14 538 810 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 1,020 n USE SALT (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x,, s,, X2, and s,. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) X, = ppm S, = ppm X2 ppm S2 ppm %3D (b) Let u, be…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions Region I: x1; n1 = 15 855 1550 1230 875 1080 2330 1850 1860 2340 1080 910 1130 1450 1260 1010 Region II: x2; n2 = 14 540 810 790 1230 1770 960 1650 860 890 640 1180 1160 1050 1020 (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, S1, X2, and s2. (Round your answers to one decimal place.) X1 ppm S1 = ppm X2 = ppm S2 = ppm (b) Let µ1 be the population mean for x1 and let…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. REGION I:X1;N1=15 857 1,551 1,230 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 REGION II:X2;N2=14 538 812 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 1,020 (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) x1= ppm s1= ppm x2= ppm s2= ppm…arrow_forward
- Inorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region I: x1; n1 = 15 853 1,549 1,230 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 Region II: x2; n2 = 14 538 808 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 1,020 (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) x1= ppm s1= ppm x2= ppm s2=…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region I: x,; n, = 15 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 853 1,551 1,230 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 Region II: x,; n, = 14 540 808 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 | 1,020 In USE SALT (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x,, S,, x2, and s,. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) X1 ppm S. = ppm X2 ppm 52 ppm (b) Let u, be the…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions Region I: x1; n1 = 15 855 1550 1230 875 1080 2330 1850 1860 2340 1080 910 1130 1450 1260 1010 Region II: x2; n2 = 14 540 810 790 1230 1770 960 1650 860 890 640 1180 1160 1050 1020 (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to one decimal place.) x1 = ppm s1 = ppm x2 = ppm s2 = ppm…arrow_forward
- Inorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region I: x1; n1 = 15 857 1,551 1,230 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 Region II: x2; n2 = 14 538 808 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 1,020 (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) x1= 1387.5333 ppm s1=…arrow_forwardInorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region I: x,; n, = 15 853 1,551 1,230 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 875 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 Region II: x,; n, = 14 540 1,230| 1,770 808 790 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 | 1,050 1,020 In USE SALT (a) Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x,, S,, x2, and s,. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) x, = X1 ppm S1 ppm X2 ppm S2 , = ppm (b) Let…arrow_forwardThe presence of the sea lice, a common parasite among saltwater fish are said to be related to pollution in the bodies of water. A total of 50 random sample of fish from a certain bay was obtained. Each fish was analyzed whether an internal parasite (Y=1) was observed or not. Likewise, the amount of estrogenic compounds in the fish blood (X₁, ppt) and the sex of the fish (X₂, Male=1 and Female=0), using Female as base category, were recorded. Regression analysis was done, and the model is given by: -1.3 +0.34X₁ + 1.51X₂ Outcome In 0 (with parasite) 1 (without parasite) (y=1) 1-x(y=1) A researcher wants to validate the model above. He observed 30 random sample of fish from the same bay. He came up with a confusion matrixbelow. Predicted Probability = 0.5 2 25 2. The appropriate test procedure to assess the overall fit of the model is A. Bartlett's test B. Levene's test C. Wald's W test D. t-test 3. Suppose in his test for the overall assessment of the model outputs a p-value of 0.0001,…arrow_forward
- Linear Algebra: A Modern IntroductionAlgebraISBN:9781285463247Author:David PoolePublisher:Cengage Learning