The variations in Po 2 (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po 2 in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg. Given information: The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO 2 that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O 2 . The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO 2 release, and O 2 concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A. In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO 2 release and O 2 concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O 2 . The levels of the release of CO 2 and O 2 concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B. Introduction: The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Outline a method for using apomixis to maintain feminized CannabisAssume apomixis is controlled by a single dominant gene. You can choose the type of apomixis: obligate or facultative, gametophytic or sporophytic. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of your proposed method.

Kinetics: One-Compartment First-Order Absorption 1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple routes of administration provides greater insight than a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250-g rats following bolus IV, oral (PO), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Using this data and set of graphs, determine:(calculate for each variable) (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e)absolute ip bioavailability, Fip (f) absolute po bioavailability, Fpo

3. A promising new drug is being evaluated in human trials. Based on preliminary human tests, this drug is most effective when plasma levels exceed 30 mg/L. Measurements from preliminary tests indicate the following human pharmacokinetic parameter values: t1/2,elim = 4.6hr, t1/2,abs = 0.34hr, VD = 0.29 L/kg, Foral = 72%. Based on these parameters, estimate the following if a 49 kg woman were to receive a 1000mg oral dose of this drug: (a) Estimate the plasma concentration of the drug at 1hr, 6 hr, and 20hr after taking the drug ( Concentration estimate) (b) Estimate the time for maximum plasma concentration (tmax). (c) Estimate the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). (d) Estimate the time at which the plasma level first rises above 30 mg/L. (Note this is a trial and error problem where you must guess a time, plug it into the concentration equation, and determine if it is close to 30 mg/L. Hint: based on part (a) it should be apparent that the answer is less than 1hr.) (e)…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Answer 6

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Answer 7

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Answer 12

Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 48.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 48.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 48.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1R

Concept explainers

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 48 Solutions