Chapter 4.7, Problem 220E

Chronic Illness and Participation. The aim of a study in the article, “Separate and Joint Effects of Physical and Mental Health on Participation of People with Somatic Chronic Illness” (Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 61– 72), by D. Jansen and M. Rijken, is to examine the extent to which people with a chronic illness participate in activities such as jobs, volunteer work, or other social activities. In the study, a sample of 1456 chronic illness patients resulted in the statistics provided in the following table. The first two columns of the table present a percentage distribution for the degree of urbanism of the respondent’s home address; the third column gives the percentage of the respondents in each degree of urbanism category who participated in social activities such as sports, church, or clubs.

Degree of urbanization	Percentage of respondents	Percentage social participation
Extreme	10.1	49
Strong	29.9	53
Moderate	21.3	59
Weak	30.8	64
None	7.9	65

For one of these respondents selected at random, determine the probability that he or she

1. a. participates in social activities.
2. b. lives in an extremely urbanized environment, given that he or she participates in social activities.
3. c. does not live in an extremely urbanized environment, given that he or she participates in social activities.
4. d. Interpret your answers in parts (a)–(c) in terms of percentages.