Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern, Revised Hybrid (with Enhanced WebAssign Printed Access Card for Physics, Multi-Term Courses)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305266292
Author: Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 46, Problem 50P
(a)
To determine
The value of Planck length.
(b)
To determine
The value of Planck time.
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Classical general relativity views the structure of spacetime as deterministic and well defined down to arbitrarily small distances. On the other hand, quantum general relativity forbids distances smaller than the Planck length given by L = (hG/c3)1/2. (a) Calculate the value of the Planck length. The quantum limitation suggests that after the Big Bang, when all the presently observable section of the Universe was contained within a point-like singularity, nothing could be observed until that singularity grew larger than the Planck length. Because the size of the singularity grew at the speed of light, we can infer that no observations were possible during the time interval required for light to travel the Planck length. (b) Calculate this time interval, known as the Planck time T, and state how it compares with the ultrahot epoch mentioned in the text.
The geometry of spacetime in the Universe on large scales is determined by the mean energy density of the matter in the Universe, ρ. The critical density of the Universe is denoted by ρ0 and can be used to define the parameter Ω0 = ρ/ρ0. Describe the geometry of space when: (i) Ω0 < 1; (ii) Ω0 = 1; (iii) Ω0 > 1. Explain how measurements of the angular sizes of the hot- and cold-spots in the CMB projected on the sky can inform us about the geometry of spacetime in our Universe. What do measurements of these angular sizes by the WMAP and PLANCK satellites tell us about the value of Ω0?
Consider a cosmological spacetime in which the line element is given by
ds? = a²(t)(-dt + dr² + dy² + dz²),
where a(t) > 0 is the scale factor. Two light rays tangent to l = (1,1,0, 0)
and l = (1,0, 1,0) are received at time t =
u" = (a-'(to), 0, 0, 0). Compute the observed angle between the correspond-
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to by someone with 4-velocity
Chapter 46 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern, Revised Hybrid (with Enhanced WebAssign Printed Access Card for Physics, Multi-Term Courses)
Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 46.1QQCh. 46.5 - Prob. 46.3QQCh. 46.5 - Prob. 46.4QQCh. 46.8 - Prob. 46.5QQCh. 46.8 - Prob. 46.6QQCh. 46 - Prob. 1OQCh. 46 - Prob. 2OQCh. 46 - Prob. 3OQCh. 46 - Prob. 4OQCh. 46 - Prob. 5OQ
Ch. 46 - Prob. 6OQCh. 46 - Prob. 7OQCh. 46 - Prob. 8OQCh. 46 - Prob. 1CQCh. 46 - Prob. 2CQCh. 46 - Prob. 3CQCh. 46 - Prob. 4CQCh. 46 - Prob. 5CQCh. 46 - Prob. 6CQCh. 46 - Prob. 7CQCh. 46 - Prob. 8CQCh. 46 - Prob. 9CQCh. 46 - Prob. 10CQCh. 46 - Prob. 11CQCh. 46 - Prob. 12CQCh. 46 - Prob. 13CQCh. 46 - Prob. 1PCh. 46 - Prob. 2PCh. 46 - Prob. 3PCh. 46 - Prob. 4PCh. 46 - Prob. 5PCh. 46 - Prob. 6PCh. 46 - Prob. 7PCh. 46 - Prob. 8PCh. 46 - Prob. 9PCh. 46 - Prob. 10PCh. 46 - Prob. 11PCh. 46 - Prob. 12PCh. 46 - Prob. 13PCh. 46 - Prob. 14PCh. 46 - Prob. 15PCh. 46 - Prob. 16PCh. 46 - Prob. 17PCh. 46 - Prob. 18PCh. 46 - Prob. 19PCh. 46 - Prob. 20PCh. 46 - Prob. 21PCh. 46 - Prob. 22PCh. 46 - Prob. 23PCh. 46 - Prob. 24PCh. 46 - Prob. 25PCh. 46 - Prob. 26PCh. 46 - Prob. 27PCh. 46 - Prob. 28PCh. 46 - Prob. 29PCh. 46 - Prob. 30PCh. 46 - Prob. 31PCh. 46 - Prob. 32PCh. 46 - Prob. 33PCh. 46 - Prob. 34PCh. 46 - Prob. 35PCh. 46 - Prob. 36PCh. 46 - Prob. 37PCh. 46 - Prob. 38PCh. 46 - Prob. 39PCh. 46 - Prob. 40PCh. 46 - Prob. 41PCh. 46 - Prob. 42PCh. 46 - Prob. 43PCh. 46 - Prob. 44PCh. 46 - The various spectral lines observed in the light...Ch. 46 - Prob. 47PCh. 46 - Prob. 48PCh. 46 - Prob. 49PCh. 46 - Prob. 50PCh. 46 - Prob. 51APCh. 46 - Prob. 52APCh. 46 - Prob. 53APCh. 46 - Prob. 54APCh. 46 - Prob. 55APCh. 46 - Prob. 56APCh. 46 - Prob. 57APCh. 46 - Prob. 58APCh. 46 - An unstable particle, initially at rest, decays...Ch. 46 - Prob. 60APCh. 46 - Prob. 61APCh. 46 - Prob. 62APCh. 46 - Prob. 63APCh. 46 - Prob. 64APCh. 46 - Prob. 65APCh. 46 - Prob. 66APCh. 46 - Prob. 67CPCh. 46 - Prob. 68CPCh. 46 - Prob. 69CPCh. 46 - Prob. 70CPCh. 46 - Prob. 71CPCh. 46 - Prob. 72CPCh. 46 - Prob. 73CP
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