Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data. Given: The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1: Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects. Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours. LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted. A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects. Introduction: In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before. In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 5

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

Answer 6

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

Answer 7

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

Answer 12

Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 5R Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 46.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 46.3 - Prob. 2R

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