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Concept explainers
To draw: An antigen-antibody complex.
Introduction: Immunity specifies the defense mechanisms carried out to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign substances that could harm the body by causing the disease or capable of altering the normal function of the system. There are two types of immunity, namely innate immunity (that is inherited from the parents) and acquired immunity (that is gained over lifetime).
To describe: The three ways in which antigen-antibody complexes affect the pathogens.
Introduction: Immunity specifies the defense mechanisms carried out to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign substances that could harm the body by causing the disease or capable of altering the normal function of the system. There are two types of immunity, namely innate immunity (that is inherited from the parents) and acquired immunity (that is gained over lifetime).
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Chapter 45 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
- Briefly describe three ways that antibody diversity is increased.arrow_forwardDescribe the difference between (A) ‘naked antibodies’ and (B) conjugated antibodies in the context of using humanized monoclonal antibodies for tumor killing.arrow_forwardDescribe how using cells is an important link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity is formed. Please explain and make some examples.arrow_forward
- Differentiate among antibody classes using structuralcharacteristics, distribution patterns, and functional roles.arrow_forwardDescribe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissue sites during an innate immune response. Use the following terms in your description: rolling adhesion, tight binding, extravasation, migration, inflammatory mediators, integrins, adhesion molecules, chemokines, selectins, sialyl-Lewisx, and basement membrane proteases.arrow_forwardExplain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection? How are interferons activated? What types of stimuli activate interferons at the earliest stages of viral infection.? Identify the receptors to which interferon binds and how their activation affects gene expression?arrow_forward
- How are antibodies unique? Please discuss the structure of an antibody. What are the V and C regions? Discuss how the few hundred genes involved are capable of making endless amounts of antibodies. Besides medical treatment what is another way antibodies can be used?arrow_forwardCorrectly order the steps in cellular Immunity. Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item. Items to order: a) .Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognizes the infected host cell b) The CTL secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis c) The CTL interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell d) The helper T cell activates the CTL cellarrow_forwardplease give all four answers asaparrow_forward
- What is the chemical basis for the specificity of binding of an immunoglobin antibody to a particular antigen? View keyboard shortcutsarrow_forwardNeutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0arrow_forwardDescribe the roles that phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and plasma proteins such as complement and interferon play in innate immunity?arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning
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