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To describe:
Concepts related to carcinogenesis.
Concept introduction:
Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).
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Explanation of Solution
Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.
The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as
The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.
Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.
Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.
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Chapter 45 Solutions
Pharmacology and the Nursing Process, 8e
- Analyze the Neuman’s health-care system model?arrow_forward"A mistake in surgery" Describe your chosen risk and an example scenario of how that risk could present itself. Describe risk factors, internally and externally, that affect this risk. Explain the role that accreditation standards and regulations play in addressing the chosen risk. Analyze the challenges that addressing the risk may cause. Explain how a risk manager will need to adjust and adapt to overcome these challenges and avoid future risks. Analyze future trends (e.g., technology, staff changes) that may affect the risk and mitigating it in the future.arrow_forward(Mistake in surgery) Describe a mistake is surgery risk and and give an example scenario of how that risk could present itself. Describe risk factors, internally and externally, that affect this risk. Explain the role that accreditation standards and regulations play in addressing the chosen risk. Analyze the challenges that addressing the risk may cause. Explain how a risk manager will need to adjust and adapt to overcome these challenges and avoid future risks. Analyze future trends (e.g., technology, staff changes) that may affect the risk and mitigating it in the future.arrow_forward
- Identify multiple relevant and credible resources related to interventions that alleviate stress in school age patients in relation to hospitalisation and explain their significance as a nursing studentarrow_forwardWhat are examples of key sources of fear and anxiety in school age patients related to hospitalizationarrow_forwardAssessment Nurses' Notes Vital Signs Nurses' Notes 1100: The nurse should Target 1 to prevent Target 2 Client returns to unit from interventional radiology following chest tube placement for pneumothorax. Client is alert and oriented x4. Client reports pain as 3 on a scale of 0 to 10 and mainly located at the insertion site. Vital signs obtained. Chest tube drainage system has 100 mL of blood in drainage chamber. Intermittent tidaling noted in the water seal chamber. Chest tube insertion site is dressed, dry, and intact. All chest drainage system connections secured. Client assisted to a comfortable position. Target 1 apply a nonocclusive dressing contact the provider place the drainage tube in sterile water Target 2 tension pneumothorax infection * hemothorax raise the drainage hemorrhage system above the chest 1700: Client reports shortness of breath and states, "I feel like the chest tube may have moved." Vigorous bubbling noted in the chest drainage systems water seal chamber. All…arrow_forward
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