Discrete Mathematics: Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780495826170
Author: Susanna S. Epp
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 4.5, Problem 12ES
To determine
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Refer to page 12 for a problem on solving a homogeneous differential equation.
Instructions:
• Simplify the equation into a homogeneous form.
Use appropriate substitutions to reduce complexity.
Solve systematically and verify the final result with clear back-substitutions.
Link:
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]
Refer to page 36 for solving a bang-bang control problem.
Instructions:
•
Formulate the problem, identifying the control constraints.
•
•
Apply Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to derive the switching conditions.
Clearly illustrate the switching points in the control trajectory. Verify the solution satisfies the
optimality criteria.
Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]
Total marks 16
5.
Let (N,F,P) be a probability space and let X : N → R be a
random variable such that the probability density function is given by
f(x)=ex for x € R.
(i)
Find the characteristic function of the random variable X.
[8 Marks]
(ii) Using the result of (i), calculate the first two moments of
the random variable X, i.e., E(X") for n = 1,2.
(iii)
What is the variance of X.
[6 Marks]
[2 Marks]
Chapter 4 Solutions
Discrete Mathematics: Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning
Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 1ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 2ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 3ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 4ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 5ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 6ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 7ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 8ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 9ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 10ES
Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 11ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 12ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 13ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 14ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 15ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 16ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 17ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 18ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 19ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 20ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 21ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 22ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 23ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 24ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 25ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 26ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 27ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 28ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 29ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 30ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 31ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 32ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 33ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 34ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 35ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 36ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 37ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 38ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 39ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 40ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 41ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 42ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 43ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 44ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 45ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 46ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 47ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 48ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 49ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 50ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 51ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 52ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 53ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 54ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 55ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 56ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 57ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 58ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 59ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 60ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 61ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 62ESCh. 4.1 - Prob. 63ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 1ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 2ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 3ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 4ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 5ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 6ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 7ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 8ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 9ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 10ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 11ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 12ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 13ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 14ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 15ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 16ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 17ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 18ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 19ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 20ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 21ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 22ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 23ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 24ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 25ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 26ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 27ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 28ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 29ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 30ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 31ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 32ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 33ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 34ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 35ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 36ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 37ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 38ESCh. 4.2 - Prob. 39ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 1ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 2ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 3ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 4ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 5ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 6ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 7ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 8ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 9ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 10ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 11ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 12ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 13ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 14ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 15ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 16ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 17ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 18ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 19ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 20ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 21ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 22ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 23ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 24ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 25ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 26ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 27ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 28ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 29ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 30ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 31ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 32ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 33ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 34ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 35ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 36ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 37ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 38ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 39ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 40ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 41ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 42ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 43ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 44ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 45ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 46ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 47ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 48ESCh. 4.3 - Prob. 49ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 1ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 2ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 3ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 5ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 6ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 7ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 8ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 9ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 10ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 11ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 12ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 13ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 14ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 15ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 16ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 17ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 18ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 19ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 20ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 21ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 22ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 23ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 24ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 25ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 26ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 27ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 28ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 29ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 30ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 31ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 32ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 33ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 34ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 35ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 36ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 37ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 38ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 39ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 40ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 41ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 42ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 43ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 44ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 45ESCh. 4.4 - Prob. 46ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 1ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 2ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 3ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 4ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 5ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 6ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 7ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 8ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 9ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 10ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 11ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 12ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 13ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 14ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 15ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 16ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 17ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 18ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 19ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 20ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 21ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 22ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 23ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 24ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 25ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 26ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 27ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 28ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 29ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 30ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 31ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 32ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 33ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 34ESCh. 4.5 - Prob. 35ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 1ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 2ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 3ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 4ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 5ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 6ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 7ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 8ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 9ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 10ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 11ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 12ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 13ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 14ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 15ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 16ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 17ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 18ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 19ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 20ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 21ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 22ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 23ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 24ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 25ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 26ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 27ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 28ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 29ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 30ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 31ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 32ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 33ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 34ESCh. 4.6 - Prob. 35ES
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- 6. Let P be the standard normal distribution, i.e., P is the proba- bility measure on (R, B(R)) given by 1 dP(x) = 를 = e dx. √2πT Consider the random variables 21 fn(x) = (1 + x²) en+2, x Є R, n Є N. Using the dominated convergence theorem, prove that the limit Total marks 9 exists and find it. lim E(fn) n∞ [9 Marks]arrow_forwardRefer to page 38 for solving an optimal control problem using dynamic programming. Instructions: • Define the value function and derive the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. • Solve the HJB equation explicitly, showing all intermediate steps and justifications. Verify the solution satisfies the boundary conditions and optimality. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 18 for solving a second-order linear non-homogeneous differential equation. Instructions: Solve the associated homogeneous equation first. Use either the method of undetermined coefficients or variation of parameters for the particular solution. • Provide detailed steps for combining solutions into the general solution. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
- 6. Let X be a random variable taking values in (0,∞) with proba- bility density function fx(u) = 5e5u u > 0. Total marks 8 Let Y = X2. Find the probability density function of Y. [8 Marks]arrow_forward5. Let a probability measure P on ([0,3], B([0,3])) be given by 1 dP(s): = ½ s² ds. 9 Consider a random variable X : [0,3] → R given by X(s) = s², sc [0,3]. S Total marks 7 Find the distribution of X. [7 Marks]arrow_forwardRefer to page 24 for solving a differential equation using Laplace transforms. Instructions: Take the Laplace transform of the given equation, applying initial conditions appropriately. ⚫ Solve the resulting algebraic equation and find the inverse transform. Provide step-by-step solutions with intermediate results and final verification. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
- Refer to page 30 for deriving the Euler-Lagrange equation for an optimal control problem. Instructions: • Use the calculus of variations to derive the Euler-Lagrange equation. Clearly define the functional being minimized or maximized. Provide step-by-step derivations, including all necessary boundary conditions. Avoid skipping critical explanations. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS3IZ9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 32 for solving a linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) problem. Instructions: • Formulate the cost functional and state-space representation. • Derive the Riccati equation and solve it step-by-step. Clearly explain how the optimal control law is obtained. Ensure all matrix algebra is shown in detail. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 14 for solving a linear first-order differential equation. Instructions: • Convert the equation into its standard linear form. • Use integrating factors to find the solution. Show all steps explicitly, from finding the factor to integrating and simplifying the solution. Link [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
- Refer to page 10 for a problem involving solving an exact differential equation. Instructions: • Verify if the equation is exact by testing әм მყ - ƏN მე If not exact, determine an integrating factor to make it exact. • Solve step-by-step, showing all derivations. Avoid irrelevant explanations. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qo Haz b9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 10 for a problem involving solving an exact differential equation. Instructions: Verify exactness carefully. ⚫ If the equation is not exact, find an integrating factor to make it exact. Solve step-by-step and ensure no algebraic steps are skipped. Provide detailed explanations for each transformation. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forwardRefer to page 34 for deriving and applying Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Instructions: ⚫ Define the Hamiltonian for the given control problem. • • Derive the necessary conditions for optimality step-by-step, including state and co-state equations. Solve the resulting system of equations explicitly, showing all intermediate steps. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440AZF/view?usp=sharing]arrow_forward
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