Explanation The breathing center located near the rear region of the brain (medulla oblongata) regulates our breathing movements. This breathing center uses special chemoreceptors to measure CO 2 concentrations in the brain and the arterial blood. The central chemoreceptors detect changes in the cerebrospinal fluid pH (indicates variations in the level of blood CO 2 ), and they are regulate the long-term or slow changes in breathing. Chemoreceptors monitor immediate changes in O 2 , CO 2 , and pH concentrations of the blood and thus, control the breathing rate. Carbon dioxide acts as the initial stimulus to hyperventilation . A rise in CO 2 (a condition called hypercapnia ) reduces the pH level of the cerebrospinal fluid . This excites the central chemoreceptors, causing increased rate of respiration, a condition called hyperventilation . The resulting increase in alveoli ventilation flushes carbon dioxide out of the blood, which increases the blood pH (CO 2 combines with the water to form carbonic acid and simultaneously dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions) . The released hydrogen ions increase the pH level and make the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid back to normal...

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Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

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Question

Chapter 42.6, Problem 1CC

Summary Introduction

To review: The effect of pH of the cerebrospinal fluid with the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Concept introduction: The blood level of CO₂ directly impacts the respiratory centers in the medulla and has a major influence on the cerebrospinal fluid pH. The central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata detect changes in the CO₂ levels when any changes are seen in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

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Chapter 42.5, Problem 3CC

Chapter 42.6, Problem 2CC

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Solution Summary: The author explains how the blood level of CO 2 directly impacts the respiratory centers in the medulla and has a major influence on cerebrospinal fluid pH.

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