Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321962751
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 41, Problem 9TYU
SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Describe two types of interspecific interactions that appear to be occurring between the three species shown in this photo. What morphological adaptation can be seen in the species that is at the highest trophic level in this scene?
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Describe two types of ecological interactions that appear to be occurring between the three species shown in this photo. What morphological adaptation can be seen in the species that is at the highest trophic level in this scene?
SCENARIO:
Ecologists have recently made an observation regarding a species of nematode (round worm) commonly found in Australian soils with two distinct phenotypes appearing, the mutant form appears to have increased cuticle formation. This species is a crucial part of their ecosystem’s food web and is a predator of many soil microbes. The divergent phenotype appears to negatively affect its predatory behaviour, which could have disastrous flow on effects to the rest of the ecosystem. Preliminary studies also indicate this phenotype has a genetic basis, so is not caused by infection. You have been tasked with uncovering the genetic basis of this phenotype.
Q6. Given the phenotype leads to a negative impact on the nematode’s predatory behaviour, develop a hypothesis as to why this phenotype is increasing among the population (i.e. it is being positively selected for):
Q7. Briefly describe an experiment you could use to test this hypothesis:
SCENARIO:
Ecologists have recently made an observation regarding a species of nematode (round worm) commonly found in Australian soils with two distinct phenotypes appearing, the mutant form appears to have increased cuticle formation. This species is a crucial part of their ecosystem’s food web and is a predator of many soil microbes. The divergent phenotype appears to negatively affect its predatory behaviour, which could have disastrous flow on effects to the rest of the ecosystem. Preliminary studies also indicate this phenotype has a genetic basis, so is not caused by infection. You have been tasked with uncovering the genetic basis of this phenotype.
Q1. Given the phenotype blister nematode leads to a negative impact on the nematode’s predatory behaviour, develop a hypothesis as to why this phenotype is increasing among the population (i.e. it is being positively selected for):
Q2. Briefly describe an experiment you could use to test this hypothesis:
Chapter 41 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 41.1 - Explain how interspecific competition, predation,...Ch. 41.1 - According to the principle of competitive...Ch. 41.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Figure 22.13 illustrates how a...Ch. 41.2 - What two components contribute to species...Ch. 41.2 - How is a food chain different from a food web?Ch. 41.2 - WHAT IF? Consider a grassland with five trophic...Ch. 41.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Rising atmospheric CO2 levels...Ch. 41.3 - Why do high and low levels of disturbance usually...Ch. 41.3 - During succession, how might the early species...Ch. 41.3 - WHAT IF? Most prairies experience regular fires,...
Ch. 41.4 - Describe two hypotheses that explain why species...Ch. 41.4 - Describe how an islands size and distance from the...Ch. 41.4 - WHAT IF? Based on MacArthur and Wilsons island...Ch. 41.5 - What are pathogens?Ch. 41.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 41 - The feeding relationships among the species in a...Ch. 41 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 41 - Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed...Ch. 41 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 41 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY An ecologist studying plants in...Ch. 41 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Explain why adaptations of...Ch. 41 - FOCUS ON INFORMATION In Bateslan mimicry, a...Ch. 41 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Describe two types of...
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- What is the principle that teaches us that two species cannot coexist in the exact same niche in the same habitat.This is because species with same niches have comparable requirements, which implies they would fight for the same resources.arrow_forwardWhich of the following scenarios may demonstrate an organism selecting a resource non-randomly? (Hint: think about the availability versus use of each type of resource .) a. )A tide pool contains twice as many red urchins as purple urchins. Otters eat twice as many red urchins as purple urchins . B. ) In a desert with equal numbers of creosote and saltbush, ants gather only creosote seeds. C. ) In a desert of only creosote bushes, ants gather creosote seeds. D. ) A tide pool contains twice as many purple urchins as red urchins. Otters eat twice as many red urchins as purple urchins.arrow_forwardWhen one species is better at obtaining and holding space than another, it is competitively dominant. Based on the diagram which non-mobile (sessile) species is the dominant competitor in the intertidal? Which is second? Rank the six non-mobile species from (1) most to (6) least competitively dominant. Below are the competitive arrows from the slides (recall that sessile consumers are superior competitors over the algal species). gooseneck barnacle mussel acorn barnacle coral weed black pine Primary Producers nori seaweed 1= strongest competitor and 6= weakest competitor common coral weed [ Choose ] nori seaweed [ Choose ] black pine algae [ Choose ] mussels [ Choose ] acorn barnacles [ Choose ] gooseneck barnacles [ Choose ] > > > >arrow_forward
- Leaf cutter ants and their fungus cannot survive without each other, and both have evolved unique features that benefit the other species. This is an example of an obligate trophic mutualism. True Falsearrow_forwardA species of barnacle may be able to exploit a large volume of habitat but due to competition from other species this barnacle is confined to a smaller area within the larger volume. This area where the barnacle is acutally found is its __________. A) working space B) crevice C) fundamental niche D) realized niche E) potential nichearrow_forwardTwo species are investigated to understand their adaptive strategies against the environmental stressor(s). Species A has shallow roots and relies on soil moisture, while Species B is dependent on deep groundwater. In Figure 2, the leaf water potential at pre-dawn (before sunrise) and at midday (noon) were quantified for each species throughout the year. Is the top panel most likely to represent data for Species A or Species B? Figure 2. Pre-dawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf) for the two species at different dates throughout the year.arrow_forward
- Read this quote from Charles Darwin (from Origin of Species). What is he describing? "Thus, I can understand how a flower and a bee might slowly become, either simultaneously or one after the other, modified and adapted to each other in the most perfect manner, by the continued preservation of all the individuals which presented slight deviations of structure mutually favorable to one another." An interaction network. A predator/prey cycle. O Coevolution. An obligate mutualism.arrow_forwardhttps://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/exploring-trophic-cascades create a case study based on additional research into other examples of trophic cascades. describe and illustrate how changes in an organismal population can have unintended effects on trophic levels or ecosystems. Identify the organisms and nutrients (if applicable) that are present in your trophic pyramid. Describe the normal flow of your trophic cascade along with whether removal or introduction of the organism has a positive or negative effect on other organisms or nutrient levels within an ecosystem.arrow_forwardConstruct your model of the food chain/web by moving and linking (using arrows leading from those that eat and those that are eaten) all 8 images of the different species (trophic components).arrow_forward
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