Concept explainers
To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.
Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.
Explanation of Solution
Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).
Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.
- For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
- The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B1 became an essential nutrient for them.
The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.
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Chapter 41 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
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- All of the following statements about amino acid synthesis in humans are true except: Some amino acids are synthesized using major metabolic intermediates and transamination. The process often requires cofactors derived from B vitamins. Allosteric enzymes may be regulated via feedback inhibition. Different organs synthesize different amino acids because they maintain anaerobic conditions.arrow_forward3) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many other cell types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: S b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as the perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzym called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation:arrow_forwardWhat happens to the enzyme’s native conformation once it is denatured? What structural organization are destroyed by this process? How does changes in enzymatic factors affect the native conformation of enzymes?arrow_forward
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