The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals. Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.

Conclusion

The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.

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Awnser these Discussion Questions Answer these discussion questions and submit them as part of your lab report. Part A: The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the temperature of the solution. How is the oxygen production in 30 seconds related to the rate of the reaction? At what temperature is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain. Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures? Why might a high fever be dangerous to humans? What is the optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body? Part B: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the pH of the solution. At what pH is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain. Why does changing the pH affect the enzyme activity? Research the enzyme catalase. What is its function in the human body? What is the optimal pH for the following enzymes found in the human body? Explain. (catalase, lipase (in your stomach),…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.

Conclusion

The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.

Conclusion

The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.

Conclusion

The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.

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Answer 5

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.

Conclusion

The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.

Answer 6

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.

Conclusion

The cofactors are needed as an essential nutrient in some animals that lack the ability to produce enzyme cofactors in their own body.

Answer 7

Chapter 41, Problem 41.1CR

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason how an enzyme cofactor needed for an essential process is an essential nutrient for only some animals.

Introduction: A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. Thus, the enzyme cofactors play an important role in performing normal physiological processes in their system. Most of the animals can synthesize these enzyme cofactors in their own body, but some require their supply through diet.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Essential nutrients are the nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body but required to carry out the normal physiological functions and must be provided through diet. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Coenzymes primarily function as helper molecules in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most of the coenzymes are the vitamins (Vitamins A, C, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, H, and K) or vitamin derivatives (NADH, FADH, Quinine, and CoA).

Many animals can produce most of the vitamins they need such as vitamin B3, vitamin C, and vitamin D on their own. But some of the animals cannot synthesize some vitamins or vitamin-derived cofactors, which are thus essential nutrients for them, and they need to intake these in their diet.

For example, anthropoid primates (humans, monkeys, and apes), guinea pigs, particular Indian fruit-eating bat, and some birds do not possess the ability to synthesize Vitamin C because of a defective mutation in the gene controlling the synthesis of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO gene) that blocks the conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid.
The common ancestor of birds and mammals today live in an environment with abundance of green plants containing thiamine. Hence, they lost the gene responsible for the production of Vitamin B₁ (thiamine) in their own body. Thus, Vitamin B₁ became an essential nutrient for them.