Videos
To review:
The time is taken by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) to restore the blood adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels and the reason behind the requirement of the weekly injections during the ERT therapy to restore blood ADA and deoxyadenosine level.
Given:
The enzyme replacement therapy was performed in one patient. The dosage of the enzyme, which is measured in milliliter per kilogram (mL/kg), administered to the patient, was increased in the subsequent weeks. In each week plasma, ADA levels were measured in micromole per hour per liter (µmol/h/L), and the data was recorded in the given Table 1 below.
Table 1: The results of enzyme replacement therapy in one patient.
| Weeks after initial administration of ADA enzyme | The dosage of enzyme (mL/kg) | Levels of ADA in plasma (µmol/h/L) | Percent of deoxyadenosine with respect to all other adenine |
| 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 44 |
| 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 28 |
| 2 | 0.2 | 3 | 19 |
| 3 | 0.2 | 7 | 11 |
| 4 | 0.2 | 8 | 5 |
| 5 | 0.2 | 5 | 4 |
| 6 | 0.2 | 4 | 3 |
Introduction:
The ERT can be used to treat the conditions caused by the deficiency of the enzymes. The ADA deficiency is a condition, in which the body is unable to synthesize adenosine deaminase, which causes the accumulation of deoxyadenosine.
This accumulation can be toxic to T-cells, causing their death leading to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The SCID is an inheritable disorder, caused by the mutation in the gene responsible for the coding of ADA protein.
Explanation of Solution
The ERT therapy can help in the restoring the blood ADA level. The patient is given a small quantity of the enzyme (0.1 mL/kg) in the beginning and then the amount is increased to 0.2 mL/Kg. as observed from Table 1, the levels of ADA gets increased in the subsequent weeks. It took around 6 weeks in the patient to restore the normal deoxyadenosine levels, after the administration of the ADA enzyme in the patient.
The weekly injections of ERT are given to the patient, in order to maintain the normal ADA levels in the body. The weekly dose of the enzyme is given to the patients because the patient lacks the gene, which is responsible for the production of ADA.
Thus, it can be concluded that around 6 weeks are required to restore the normal blood ADA levels in the body, which results in the accumulation of less quantity of deoxyadenosine with respect to the other adenine nucleotides. The enzyme injections are given weekly to restore the normal ADA levels in the blood.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 41 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
- 13. Practice Calculations: 3 colonies were suspended in the following dilution series and then a viable plate count and microscope count was performed. Calculate IDF's, TDF's and then calculate the CFU/mL in each tube by both methods. Finally calculate the cells in 1 colony by both methods. Show all of your calculations in the space provided on the following pages. 3 colonies 56 cells 10 μL 10 μL 100 μL 500 με m OS A B D 5.0 mL 990 με 990 με 900 με 500 μL EN 2 100 με 100 μL 118 colonies 12 coloniesarrow_forwardDescribe and give a specific example of how successionary stage is related to species diversity?arrow_forwardExplain down bellow what happens to the cell in pictures not in words: Decreased pH in mitochondria Increased ATP Decreased pH in cytosol Increased hydrolysis Decreasing glycogen and triglycerides Increased MAP kinase activity Poor ion transport → For each one:→ What normally happens?→ What is wrong now?→ How does it mess up the cell?arrow_forward
- 1.) Community Diversity: The brown and orange line represent two different plant communities. a. Which color represents the community with a higher species richness? b. Which color represents the community with a higher species evenness? Relative abundance 0.1 0.04 0.001 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Rank abundance c. What is the maximum value of the Simpson's diversity index (remember, Simpson's index is D = p², Simpson's diversity index is 1-D)? d. If the Simpson's diversity index equals 1, what does that mean about the number of species and their relative abundance within community being assessed?arrow_forward1.) Community Diversity: The brown and orange line represent two different plant communities. a. Which color represents the community with a higher species richness? b. Which color represents the community with a higher species evenness? Relative abundance 0.1 0.04 0.001 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Rank abundance c. What is the maximum value of the Simpson's diversity index (remember, Simpson's index is D = p², Simpson's diversity index is 1-D)? d. If the Simpson's diversity index equals 1, what does that mean about the number of species and their relative abundance within community being assessed?arrow_forwardwhat measures can a mother to take to improve the produce of her to milk to her newborn baby ?arrow_forward
- 1. Color the line that represents all ancestors of the Eastern white pine tree green (but only the ancestral line NOT shared with other organisms) 2. Oncle the last common ancestor of the Colorado blue spruce tree and Eastern white pine tree. 3. Put a box around the last common ancestor of the sugar maple tree and the dogwood tree. 4. Put a triangle around the last common ancestor of the red pine tree and the american holly bush. 5. Color the line that represents all ancestors of the Ponderosa pine tree red (including all shared ancestors). 6. Color the line that represents all ancestors of the American elm tree blue (including all shared ancestors). 7 Color the line that represents all ancestors of the Sabal palm tree purple (including all shared ancestors) 8. Using a yellow highlighter or colored pencil, circle the clade that includes all pine trees. 9. Using a orange highlighter or colored pencil, circle the clade that includes all gymnosperms 10. Can you tell…arrow_forwardYou have been hired as a public relations specialist to give invertebrates a good name. After all, they are much more than just creepy crawly bugs! Your first task though is to convince yourself that is true. The best way to do that is to start close to home. Find something in your house that is a product obtained directly from an invertebrate or only due to an invertebrate’s actions. Describe the product, its function and utility, as well as any human manufactured alternatives. Be sure to highlight the advantages of obtaining this directly from nature. Keep in mind, a product can be something you use, wear, eat, or enjoy for its visual appeal.arrow_forwardUse the following tree diagram to answer Questions #8-10. 8) Which of the following two animals are the most closely related based on the tree to the left? a) Pig and camel b) Hippo and pig c) Deer and cow 9) CIRCLE on the tree diagram where the common ancestor between a hippo and a cow is. 10) Put a SQUARE on the tree diagram where the common ancestor between a pig and a peccary is.arrow_forward
- Explain: Healthy Cell Function Overview→ Briefly describe how a healthy cell usually works: metabolism (ATP production), pH balance, glycogen storage, ion transport, enzymes, etc. Gene Mutation and Genetics Part→ Focus on the autosomal recessive mutation and explain: How gene mutation affects the cell. How autosomal inheritance works. Compare the normal and mutated gene sequences simply. → Talk about possible consequences of a faulty hydrolytic enzyme.arrow_forwardCan you fill out those termsarrow_forwardExplain down bellow what happens to the cell: Decreased pH in mitochondria Increased ATP Decreased pH in cytosol Increased hydrolysis Decreasing glycogen and triglycerides Increased MAP kinase activity Poor ion transport → For each one:→ What normally happens?→ What is wrong now?→ How does it mess up the cell?arrow_forward
Essentials of Pharmacology for Health ProfessionsNursingISBN:9781305441620Author:WOODROWPublisher:Cengage
Principles Of Radiographic Imaging: An Art And A ...Health & NutritionISBN:9781337711067Author:Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler, Vesna BalacPublisher:Cengage LearningCase Studies In Health Information ManagementBiologyISBN:9781337676908Author:SCHNERINGPublisher:Cengage