Chemistry
Chemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133611097
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 4, Problem 93AE

Using the general solubility rules given in Table 6-1. name three reagents that would form precipitates with each of the following ions in aqueous solution. Write the net ionic equation for each of your suggestions.

a. chloride ion

b. calcium ion

c. iron(III) ion

d. sulfate ion

e. mercury(I) ion, Hg22+

f. silver ion

a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagent that helps in the formation of precipitate with their net ionic equation has to be written.

Concept introduction: Salts are formed by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.

The rules for salts to be soluble in water are as follows

  1. 1. Most of the nitrate salts are soluble
  2. 2. Salts containing the cation as alkali metal such as Sodium, Magnesium, Rubidium etc and Ammonium are said to be water soluble.
  3. 3. Salts of Bromide, Chloride and iodide are said to be water soluble except in case of cations such as silver, lead and mercury.
  4. 4. Most of the Sulphate salts are soluble except Barium sulphate, Mercury sulphate, Lead sulphate and Calcium sulphate.
  5. 5. Most of the Hydroxides are sparingly soluble except Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide.
  6. 6. Most of the Sulphide, Carbonate, Chromates and Phosphates are less soluble except those include in the rule 2.

Answer to Problem 93AE

Chloride: AgNO3,Pb(NO3)2andHg2(NO3)2 forms precipitate with Cl- . The net ionic equations are

Ag+(aq)+Cl-(aq)AgCl(s)Pb2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)PbCl2(s)Hg22+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)Hg2Cl2(s)

Explanation of Solution

To name three reagents that precipitates with Cl- ion.

The three reagents that precipitates chlorine ion are AgNO3,Pb(NO3)2andHg2(NO3)2 .

AgNO3 on reaction with salt of Chloride gives a precipitate of Silver chloride, that’s insoluble salt by rule 3. The net ionic equation can be given as,

Ag+(aq)+Cl-(aq)AgCl(s)

Pb(NO3)2 on reaction with salt of Chloride gives a precipitate of Lead chloride, that’s insoluble salt by rule 3. The net ionic equation can be given as,

Pb2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)PbCl2(s)

Hg2(NO3)2 on reaction with salt of Chloride gives a precipitate of Mercuric chloride, that’s insoluble salt by rule 3. The net ionic equation can be given as,

Hg22+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)Hg2Cl2(s)

b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagent that helps in the formation of precipitate with their net ionic equation has to be written.

Concept introduction: Salts are formed by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.

The rules for salts to be soluble in water are as follows

  1. 1. Most of the nitrate salts are soluble
  2. 2. Salts containing the cation as alkali metal such as Sodium, Magnesium, Rubidium etc and Ammonium are said to be water soluble.
  3. 3. Salts of Bromide, Chloride and iodide are said to be water soluble except in case of cations such as silver, lead and mercury.
  4. 4. Most of the Sulphate salts are soluble except Barium sulphate, Mercury sulphate, Lead sulphate and Calcium sulphate.
  5. 5. Most of the Hydroxides are sparingly soluble except Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide.
  6. 6. Most of the Sulphide, Carbonate, Chromates and Phosphates are less soluble except those include in the rule 2.

Answer to Problem 93AE

Calcium: Na2SO4,Na2CO3andNa3PO4 forms precipitate with Ca2+ . The net ionic equations are

Ca2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)CaSO4(s)Ca2+(aq)+CO32-(aq)CaCO3(s)3Ca2+(aq)+2PO43-(aq)Ca3(PO4)2(s)

Explanation of Solution

To name three reagents that precipitates with Ca2+

The three reagents that precipitate with Ca2+ are Na2SO4,Na2CO3andNa3PO4

Na2SO4 on reaction with salt of Calcium gives Calcium sulphate that is insoluble according to rule 4. The net ionic equation can be given as,

Ca2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)CaSO4(s)

Na2CO3 on reaction with salt of Calcium gives Calcium carbonate that is insoluble according to rule 6. The net ionic equation can be given as,

Ca2+(aq)+CO32-(aq)CaCO3(s)

Na3PO4 on reaction with salt of Calcium gives Calcium phosphate that is insoluble according to rule 6. The net ionic equation can be given as,

3Ca2+(aq)+2PO43-(aq)Ca3(PO4)2(s)

c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagent that helps in the formation of precipitate with their net ionic equation has to be written.

Concept introduction: Salts are formed by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.

The rules for salts to be soluble in water are as follows

  1. 1. Most of the nitrate salts are soluble
  2. 2. Salts containing the cation as alkali metal such as Sodium, Magnesium, Rubidium etc and Ammonium are said to be water soluble.
  3. 3. Salts of Bromide, Chloride and iodide are said to be water soluble except in case of cations such as silver, lead and mercury.
  4. 4. Most of the Sulphate salts are soluble except Barium sulphate, Mercury sulphate, Lead sulphate and Calcium sulphate.
  5. 5. Most of the Hydroxides are sparingly soluble except Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide.
  6. 6. Most of the Sulphide, Carbonate, Chromates and Phosphates are less soluble except those include in the rule 2.

Answer to Problem 93AE

Iron (III): NaOH,Na2SandNa2CO3 forms precipitate with Fe3+ . The net ionic equations are

Fe3+(aq)+3OH-(aq)Fe(OH)3(s)2Fe3+(aq)+3S2-(aq)Fe2S3(s)2Fe3+(aq)+3CO32-(aq)Fe2(CO3)3(s)

Explanation of Solution

To name three reagents that precipitates with Iron (III)

The three reagents that precipitate with Iron (III) are NaOH,Na2SandNa2CO3 .

NaOH on reaction with salt of Iron (III) gives Iron (III) hydroxide that is insoluble according to rule 5. The net ionic equation is

Fe3+(aq)+3OH-(aq)Fe(OH)3(s)

Na2S on reaction with salt of Iron (III) gives Iron (III) sulphide that is insoluble according to rule 6. The net ionic equation is

2Fe3+(aq)+3S2-(aq)Fe2S3(s)

Na2CO3 on reaction with salt of Iron (III) gives Iron (III) carbonate that is insoluble according to rule 6. The net ionic equation is

2Fe3+(aq)+3CO32-(aq)Fe2(CO3)3(s)

d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagent that helps in the formation of precipitate with their net ionic equation has to be written.

Concept introduction: Salts are formed by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.

The rules for salts to be soluble in water are as follows

  1. 1. Most of the nitrate salts are soluble
  2. 2. Salts containing the cation as alkali metal such as Sodium, Magnesium, Rubidium etc and Ammonium are said to be water soluble.
  3. 3. Salts of Bromide, Chloride and iodide are said to be water soluble except in case of cations such as silver, lead and mercury.
  4. 4. Most of the Sulphate salts are soluble except Barium sulphate, Mercury sulphate, Lead sulphate and Calcium sulphate.
  5. 5. Most of the Hydroxides are sparingly soluble except Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide.
  6. 6. Most of the Sulphide, Carbonate, Chromates and Phosphates are less soluble except those include in the rule 2.

Answer to Problem 93AE

Sulphate: BaCl2,Pb(NO3)2,Ca(NO3)2 forms precipitate with SO42- . The net ionic equations are

Ba2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)BaSO4(s)Pb2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)PbSO4(s)Ca2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)CaSO4(s)

Explanation of Solution

To name three reagents that precipitates with Sulphate

The three reagents that precipitate with Sulphate are BaCl2,Pb(NO3)2,Ca(NO3)2

BaCl2 when treated with a salt of Sulphate gives a precipitate of Barium sulphate that is insoluble according to rule 4. The net ionic equation is

Ba2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)BaSO4(s)

Pb(NO3)2 when treated with a salt of Sulphate gives a precipitate of Lead sulphate that is insoluble according to rule 4. The net ionic equation is

Pb2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)PbSO4(s)

Ca(NO3)2 on reaction with salt of Sulphate gives Calcium sulphate that is insoluble according to rule 4. The net ionic equation can be given as,

Ca2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)CaSO4(s)

e)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagent that helps in the formation of precipitate with their net ionic equation has to be written.

Concept introduction: Salts are formed by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.

The rules for salts to be soluble in water are as follows

  1. 1. Most of the nitrate salts are soluble
  2. 2. Salts containing the cation as alkali metal such as Sodium, Magnesium, Rubidium etc and Ammonium are said to be water soluble.
  3. 3. Salts of Bromide, Chloride and iodide are said to be water soluble except in case of cations such as silver, lead and mercury.
  4. 4. Most of the Sulphate salts are soluble except Barium sulphate, Mercury sulphate, Lead sulphate and Calcium sulphate.
  5. 5. Most of the Hydroxides are sparingly soluble except Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide.
  6. 6. Most of the Sulphide, Carbonate, Chromates and Phosphates are less soluble except those include in the rule 2.

Answer to Problem 93AE

Mercury (I): Na2SO4,NaClandNaI forms precipitate with Hg22+ . The net ionic equations are

           Hg22+(aq)+SO42-(aq)Hg2SO4(s)Hg22+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)Hg2Cl2(s)Hg22+(aq)+2I-(aq)Hg2I2(s)

Explanation of Solution

To name three reagents that precipitates with Mercury (I) ion

The three reagents that precipitate with Mercury (I) ion are Na2SO4,NaClandNaI

Na2SO4 on treatment with salt of Mercury (I) ion gives Mercury sulphate that is insoluble according to rule 4. The net ionic equation is,

Hg22+(aq)+SO42-(aq)Hg2SO4(s)

NaCl on treatment with salt of Mercury (I) ion gives Mercury chloride that is insoluble according to rule 3. The net ionic equation is,

Hg22+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)Hg2Cl2(s)

NaI on treatment with salt of Mercury (I) ion gives Mercury iodide that is insoluble according to rule 3. The net ionic equation is,

Hg22+(aq)+2I-(aq)Hg2I2(s)

f)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagent that helps in the formation of precipitate with their net ionic equation has to be written.

Concept introduction: Salts are formed by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.

The rules for salts to be soluble in water are as follows

  1. 1. Most of the nitrate salts are soluble
  2. 2. Salts containing the cation as alkali metal such as Sodium, Magnesium, Rubidium etc and Ammonium are said to be water soluble.
  3. 3. Salts of Bromide, Chloride and iodide are said to be water soluble except in case of cations such as silver, lead and mercury.
  4. 4. Most of the Sulphate salts are soluble except Barium sulphate, Mercury sulphate, Lead sulphate and Calcium sulphate.
  5. 5. Most of the Hydroxides are sparingly soluble except Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide.
  6. 6. Most of the Sulphide, Carbonate, Chromates and Phosphates are less soluble except those include in the rule 2.

Answer to Problem 93AE

Silver: NaBr,Na2CrO4andNa3PO4 forms precipitate with Ag+ . The net ionic equations are

Ag+(aq)+Br-(aq)AgBr(s)2Ag+(aq)+CrO42-(aq)Ag2CrO4(s)3Ag+(aq)+PO43-Ag3PO4(s)

Explanation of Solution

To name three reagents that precipitates with Silver

The three reagents that precipitate with Silver are NaBr,Na2CrO4andNa3PO4

NaBr on treatment with salt of Silver gives Silver bromide that is insoluble according to rule 3. The net ionic equation is,

Ag+(aq)+Br-(aq)AgBr(s)

Na2CrO4 on treatment with salt of Silver gives Silver chromate that is insoluble according to rule 6. The net ionic equation is,

2Ag+(aq)+CrO42-(aq)Ag2CrO4(s)

Na3PO4 on treatment with salt of Silver gives Silver phosphate that is insoluble according to rule 6. The net ionic equation is,

3Ag+(aq)+PO43-Ag3PO4(s)

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Chapter 4 Solutions

Chemistry

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