Chapter 4, Problem 50E

a.

Program Plan Intro

Transistor:

• A transistor is a device that behaves either as a wire or a resistor depending upon the voltage level of the input signal.
  • If a transistor plays the role of a wire, it conducts electricity.
  • If a transistor plays the role of a resistor, it blocks the flow of electricity.
• A transistor consists of no moving parts; but can act as a switch.
• A transistor is made up of a semiconductor material like silicon.
• A semiconductor material is neither a good conductor of electricity nor a good insulator.

b.

Explanation of Solution

AND gate:

• An AND gate takes two inputs to produce single output.
• If both the inputs are 1, then the output is 1. Otherwise, the output is 0.
• Constructing the AND gate using the transistor is shown below:

c.

Explanation of Solution

NOR gate:

• A NOR gate takes two inputs to produce single output.
• If both the inputs are 1, then the output is 0. Otherwise, the output is 1.
• Constructing the NOR gate using the transistor is shown below:

d.

Explanation of Solution

OR gate:

• An OR gate takes two inputs to produce single output.
• If both the inputs are 0, then the output is 0. Otherwise, the output is 1.
• Constructing the OR gate using the transistor is shown below:

e.

Explanation of Solution

XOR gate:

• An XOR gate takes two inputs to produce single output.
• If both the inputs are same, then the output is 0. Otherwise, the output is 1.
• Constructing the XOR gate using the transistor is shown below: