Chapter 4, Problem 26E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An atom is made up of three subatomic particles, which are neutrons, protons, and electrons. Neutron and protons are present in the nucleus of the atom, whereas electrons are revolving outside the nucleus in an atom. Isotopes are those atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Answer to Problem 26E

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic mass of ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is $31$.

The atomic number of ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is $15$.

The number of electrons and number of protons in a neutral atom is equal to its atomic number. Hence, the number of protons and number of electrons present in ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is $15$.

The atomic mass of the element is represented by the formula as shown below.

$A=N_{\text{p}}+N_{\text{n}}$…(1)

Where,

• $N_p$ represent the number of protons present in the atom.

• $N_{\text{n}}$ represent the number of neutrons present in the atom.

Rearrange the above equation for the value of $N_{\text{n}}$.

$N_{\text{n}}=N_{\text{p}}+A$

Substitute the value of $A$ and $N_p$ in the equation (1).

$\begin{array}{rll}{N}_{\text{n}}& =& 31-15\\ & =& 16\end{array}$

One atom of ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ has $15$ protons, $15$ electrons, and $16$ neutrons.

Therefore, the diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is shown below.

Figure 1

Conclusion

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{15}^{31}\text{P}$ is shown in Figure 1.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{17}^{35}\text{Cl}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An atom is made up of three subatomic particles, which are neutrons, protons, and electrons. Neutron and protons are present in the nucleus of the atom, whereas electrons are revolving outside the nucleus in an atom. Isotopes are those atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Answer to Problem 26E

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{17}^{35}\text{Cl}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic mass of ${}_{17}^{35}\text{Cl}$ is $35$.

The atomic number of $\text{C}\text{l}$ is $17$.

The number of electrons and number of protons in a neutral atom is equal to its atomic number. Hence, the number of protons and number of electrons present in $\text{C}\text{l}$ is $17$.

The atomic mass of the element is represented by the formula as shown below.

$A=N_{\text{p}}+N_{\text{n}}$…(1)

Where,

• $N_p$ represent the number of protons present in the atom.

• $N_{\text{n}}$ represent the number of neutrons present in the atom.

Rearrange the above equation for the value of $N_{\text{n}}$.

$N_{\text{n}}=N_{\text{p}}+A$

Substitute the value of $A$ and $N_p$ in the equation (1).

$\begin{array}{rll}{N}_{\text{n}}& =& 35-17\\ & =& 18\end{array}$

One atom of $\text{C}\text{l}$ has $17$ protons, $17$ electrons, and $18$ neutrons.

Therefore, the diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in $\text{C}\text{l}$ is shown below.

Figure 2

Conclusion

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in $\text{C}\text{l}$ is shown in Figure 2.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An atom is made up of three subatomic particles, which are neutrons, protons, and electrons. Neutron and protons are present in the nucleus of the atom, whereas electrons are revolving outside the nucleus in an atom. Isotopes are those atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Answer to Problem 26E

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic mass of ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is $40$.

The atomic number of ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is $18$.

The number of electrons and number of protons in a neutral atom is equal to its atomic number. Hence, the number of protons and number of electrons present in ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is $18$.

The atomic mass of the element is represented by the formula as shown below.

$A=N_{\text{p}}+N_{\text{n}}$…(1)

Where,

• $N_p$ is the number of protons present in the atom.

• $N_{\text{n}}$ is the number of neutrons present in the atom.

Rearrange the above equation for the value of $N_{\text{n}}$.

$N_{\text{n}}=N_{\text{p}}+A$

Substitute the value of $A$ and $N_p$ in the equation (1).

$\begin{array}{rll}{N}_{\text{n}}& =& 40-18\\ & =& 22\end{array}$

One atom of ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ has $18$ protons, $18$ electrons, and $22$ neutrons.

Therefore, the diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is shown below.

Figure 3

Conclusion

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{18}^{40}\text{Ar}$ is shown in Figure 3.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An atom is made up of three subatomic particles-neutrons, protons, and electrons. Neutron and protons are present in the nucleus of the atom, whereas electrons are revolving outside the nucleus in an atom. Isotopes are those atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Answer to Problem 26E

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic mass of ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is $131$.

The atomic number of ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is $53$.

The number of electrons and number of protons in a neutral atom is equal to its atomic number. Hence, the number of protons and number of electrons present in ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is $53$.

The atomic mass of the element is represented by the formula as shown below.

$A=N_{\text{p}}+N_{\text{n}}$…(1)

Where,

• $N_p$ represent the number of protons present in the atom.

• $N_{\text{n}}$ represent the number of neutrons present in the atom.

Rearrange the above equation for the value of $N_{\text{n}}$.

$N_{\text{n}}=N_{\text{p}}+A$

Substitute the value of $A$ and $N_p$ in the equation (1).

$\begin{array}{rll}{N}_{\text{n}}& =& 131-53\\ & =& 78\end{array}$

One atom of ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ has $53$ protons, $53$ electrons, and $78$ neutrons.

Therefore, the diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is shown below.

Figure 4

Conclusion

The diagram that represents the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in ${}_{53}^{131}\text{I}$ is shown in Figure 4.