
(a)
To explain: The reason behind the molecules with
Introduction:
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of neurodegenerative disorder which destroys memory and cause delays in other mental functions. It commonly causes dementia. It occurs as a result of death of brain cells which leads to disruption in function of brain.
(b)
To determine: The reason that single drug might be effective in treating Alzheimer disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Introduction:
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of neurodegenerative disorder which destroys memory and cause delays in other mental functions. Alzheimer’s disease is caused due to the accumulation of amyloid plaques in brain.

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Chapter 4 Solutions
SaplingPlus for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (Six-Month Access)
- answer the questions and the example steps should be from carbohydrates glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Please put down reactions and structuresarrow_forwardidentify the general type of reaction catalyzed and an example step from glycolisis structure for each of the following enzymes/ co factor Kinase, isomerase, mutase, dehydrogenase, NAD+ , FADarrow_forwardfill in the blanks with the missing structures and give namesarrow_forward
- fill in the table and identify the general type of reaction catalayzed and an example step from the structures in the second page so you will answer the questions from the first page the second one is just a reference urgently!arrow_forwardPlease draw out the molecular structures of each molecule and show how each enzyme + cofactor would affect the following molecule in the human metabolic pathway. (This is a metabolic map)arrow_forwardPlease draw out the molecular structures of each molecule and show how an enzyme + cofactor would affect the following molecule in the human metabolic pathway to create energy.arrow_forward
- Please draw out the molecular structures of each molecule and show how each enzyme + cofactor would affect the following molecule in the human metabolic pathway.arrow_forwardPlease draw out the mechanism with curved arrows showing electron flow. Pyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide the mechanism for this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.arrow_forwardPyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide the mechanism for this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.arrow_forward
- The mitochondrial ATP synthase has 10 copies of the F0 subunit “c”, and the [H ] in the mitochondrial inner membrane space (IMS) is 6.31 x 10-8 M and the [H + ] in the matrix is 3.16 x 10-9 M. Calculate the minimum membrane potential (∆Ψ) necessary to make ATP synthesis thermodynamically favorable. [Assume ∆G' ofphosphate hydrolysis of ATP is - 45 kJ/mol.]arrow_forwardB- Vitamins are converted readily into important metabolic cofactors. Deficiency in any one of them has serious side effects. a. The disease beriberi results from a vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) deficiency and is characterized by cardiac and neurological symptoms. One key diagnostic for this disease is an increased level of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the bloodstream. How does this vitamin deficiency lead to increased serumlevels of these factors? b. What would you expect the effect on the TCA intermediates for a patient suffering from vitamin B 5 deficiency? c. What would you expect the effect on the TCA intermediates for a patientsuffering from vitamin B 2 /B 3 deficiency?arrow_forwardPyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide a full mechanism for this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.arrow_forward
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