Campbell Biology in Focus
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134710679
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Rebecca Orr
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 39.2, Problem 3CC
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The reason that the biceps are not used while bending the arm to sit on a chair.
Introduction:
Biceps are the muscles that have two points of origin. They are found on the upper side of the arm. The main function of biceps is in lifting objects.
Triceps are the muscles that have a three point of attachment. They are found below the biceps. The main function of triceps is also in lifting objects.
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A) Describe the difference between strength and power during a squat. Provide a quantitative example that illustrates the difference.
B) During a squat, the weight you have on your shoulders has a certain amount of gravitational potential energy. As you squat down and come to a stop at the bottom of the squat, some of that energy is lost. Where does it go?
I. INSTRUCTION: Compute for the following given problem.
1. Emily can lift 21 kg (210 newtons force) using muscles that have a cross-sectional
area of 6 cm2. Use this formula to work out how many newtons per square
centimetre her muscles can pull with:
Formula: Force/Area
2. We discussed how muscle spindles allow for precision of movement as a muscle lengthens, and
particular muscles which require more precise movements will contain more spindles.
In addition to this precision control over muscle length, there are other differences between
muscles which enable more precision in how much force is generated. Consider the two graphs
below which depict force generated by two different muscles as additional motor units are
recruited.
Force
Muscle A
Load
Force
Muscle B
Load
a) Describe why the first steps for a low force contraction in both muscles are smaller than the
later ones in the context of motor units and force production.
Chapter 39 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus
Ch. 39.1 - Contrast the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of a...Ch. 39.1 - WHAT IF? Why are the muscles of an animal that has...Ch. 39.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.3 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How is the lunar-linked rhythm of...Ch. 39.4 - How might associative learning explain why...Ch. 39.4 - Prob. 2CC
Ch. 39.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How might a learned behavior...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Balancing selection can maintain...Ch. 39.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 39 - During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal...Ch. 39 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 39 - According to Hamiltons rule, A. natural selection...Ch. 39 - The binding of calcium to the troponin complex A....Ch. 39 - Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine...Ch. 39 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 39 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 39 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Propose a hypothesis to explain...Ch. 39 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 39 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 39 - FOCUS ON INFORMATION Learning is defined as a...Ch. 39 - Prob. 12TYU
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- ney: Load (L) = 5 kgs = Effort E = Fulcrum Weight of forearm = 1.8 kgs L = Load Biceps brachii muscle Distance of load from elbow joint = 35 cm %3D Effort (E) = contraction of biceps brachii Distance of center of mass of forearm from elbow = 17 cm Distance of tendon from elbow = 4 cm A) Draw the free-body diagram to represent the forces and moments Load (L) = weight of object plus forearm B) Write the torque equation for static equilibrium Fulcrum (F) = elbow jointarrow_forward2. a) Label the system provided below, including the reference frame, moment arms and vector forces with the information provided. Internal moment arm = 4cm +0.04m External moment arm relative to the segment weight = 25cm 0.25m External moment arm relative to the load weight = 45cm 40.45m Segment weight = 50 N Load weight = 100 N Lower leg segment angle relative to horizontal plane = 45° Quadriceps tendon angle = 45° Axis of rotation MF SW LW 2b) Using the figure in 2a., calculate the external torque of the system relative to the normal component of segment and load weights listed above. 2c) Calculate the amount of both the tangential component of the muscle force and the muscle force itself required to keep this system in a state of static equilibrium.arrow_forwardGive two example of 'curvature' movement?arrow_forward
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- Explain the answer biomechanicallyarrow_forwardVhat are the two types of muscle movement categories? Give an example for both. Describe Swammerdam's experiment and Galvani's experiment with frog legs. What did they tell us about muscle contraction? What is the sliding-filament model for muscle contraction? Describe the role of actin and myosin of sarcomeres in the model (be specific). Describe how an action potential triggers muscle contraction. Know the specific molecules involved. . Describe the structural and functional differences between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers and how do they differ in structure and function? Next « Previous MacBook Proarrow_forwardAll exercises below are examples of closed kinetic chain exercises except... Push up Overhead press Squat Bridgearrow_forward
- Nonearrow_forwardCould you describe each?arrow_forwardWe move a lot and do not even realize how intricate these movements may be from gross motor to fine motor manipulations. Briefly explain the steps involved in a single muscle contraction beginning at the neuromuscular junction through one complete contraction and relaxation for the sliding filament theory. Don’t forget to include all the major proteins (actin, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin) involved as well as calcium and ATP.arrow_forward
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