Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory. Introduction: Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

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Answer 5

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

Answer 6

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

Answer 7

Chapter 38, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Difference, reason, and type of response (induced or constitutive) given by plants to respond to two types of herbivory.

Introduction:

Some herbivores feed on plants like Nicotiana attenuata (tobacco plant). This plant produces nicotine as a secondary metabolite to defend itself. The response of plant can be of two types; one in response to mechanical damage and other in response to the predation by the animal.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Plant defense against the herbivory explains the kind of adaptations, which are evolved by the plants for improving their survival and the reproduction via reducing the impact of the herbivores. The defenses are of two kinds, namely, constitutive and induced.

Constitutive defenses	Induced defenses
These are always present in the plant.	These are generated or mobilized to the point wherein the plant is injured.
Wide range of composition along with the concentration, which ranges from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins.	They produce secondary metabolic products and also the changes in the morphology and physiology

Amount of nicotine produced in the two types of defenses is different. In case of mechanical injury (wound), a higher amount of nicotine is produced as compared to herbivory by Manduca sexta (caterpillar of tobacco hornworm). The caterpillar suppresses the nicotine production in tobacco plants with the help of hormone ethylene.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, this type of response is an induced response. Ethylene production by worm suppresses nicotine production in tobacco plants. It is able to predate upon the plant without any ill effects. Mechanical injury, on the other hand, suppresses the nicotine production to a lesser extent.

Answer 12

Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 38.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 38.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 38.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 38.2 - Prob. 4R Ch. 38.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 38.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 38.3 - Prob. 3R

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