Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134895727
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 37, Problem 5TYU
Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?
- A. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.
- B. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane.
- C. Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.
- D. An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of communication that happens from one neuron to another neuron?
A. Endocrine signaling (ex. hormones secreted into the blood stream travel and bind to receptors on dstant cells).
B. Retrograde neurotransmission (ex.the dendrite releases a neuroactive substance that binds to receptors on the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron).
C. Electrical communication via propagation of action potential from one node of ranvier to the next node of ranvier.
D. Volume transmission (ex. neuropeptides diffuse away from the synapse and bind to receptors on adjacent cells)
E. Electrical communication through gap junctions.
Charge from depolarization along the axon reaches the axon terminal, but there is a lack of neurotransmitter release. Which of the following would cause this?
Group of answer choices
A. Lack of Na+ in the synaptic cleft
B. Lack of Ca2+ in the synaptic cleft
C. Reduced amount of K+ at the axon terminal
D. Lack of voltage-gated sodium channels in the axon terminal
Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of mitochondria found in axon terminals?
a. They synthesize enzymes, which are required to break down the neurotransmitters.
b. They synthesize vesicles, which transport sodium and potassium ions across the synapse.
c. They synthesize ATP, which is required for the production of neurotransmitters.
d. They synthesize ATP, which is required to bond the axon terminal to the dendrites.
Chapter 37 Solutions
Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
Ch. 37.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 37.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 37.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 37.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 37.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cells membrane potential shifts...Ch. 37.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 37.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 37.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 37.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 37.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 37.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 37.4 - Organophosphate pesticides work by inhibiting...Ch. 37.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Name one or more membrane...Ch. 37 - What happens when a resting neuron's membrane...Ch. 37 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 37 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 37 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 37 - Which of the following is a direct result of...Ch. 37 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 37 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 37 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 37 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 37 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 37 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION An action potential is an...Ch. 37 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 37 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The rattlesnake alerts...
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- Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the repolarization of a neuron? a. The potassium channels are slower to open, allowing the potassium ions to leave after depolarization. b. The potassium ions leave the cell, thereby returning the neuron to its resting potential. c. The neuron becomes more polarized and more negatively charged than its original resting membrane potential. d. The sodium and potassium channels open, allowing the positive ions to move out of the cell.arrow_forwardOrganophosphate pesticides inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase. What effect does this have in the cell? Select one: a. It prevents synthesis of ACh in the presynaptic terminal causing less neurotransmitter release b. It prevents breakdown of ACh in the synapse causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell c. It prevents reuptake of ACh into the presynaptic terminal causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell d. It prevents binding of ACh on the postsynaptic cell causing less activity e. It prevents reuptake of ACh into the presynaptic terminal causing less neurotransmitter synthesis.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the conduction of action potentials? a. Thicker axons are faster because there is more surface area on thicker axons. b. Myelin speeds conduction because the glial cells add voltage gated Na+ channels to the neuron. c. Diffusion of Na+ ions between the Nodes of Ranvier happens faster than the wave of opening and closing membrane proteins can travel. d. Neurons that don’t have myelin sheaths undergo saltatory conduction e. Action potentials move slowly.arrow_forward
- All of the following statements correctly describe a polarized membrane EXCEPT which? a. There is a separation of the charge by a membrane, resulting in its ability to do work. b. An RMP of –60 mV indicates that there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. c. A resting membrane potential (RMP) of –90 mV indicates the there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. d. There is a difference in the charges found on the inside of the membrane to the outside.arrow_forwardThe following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which step occurs first in transmission at a chemical synapse? Ostep 1 occurs first step 2 occurs first step 3 occurs first step 4 occurs first Ostep 5 occurs firstarrow_forwardWhat are all the possible ways that a neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft? Select all that apply. A. Taken up by postsynaptic transporters B. Taken up by presynaptic transporters C. Broken down by enzymes in the cleft D. Broken down by enzymes in the presynaptic side E. Broken down by postsynaptic enzymesarrow_forward
- Sequence the following list of events of a neuronal action potential by placing 1 next to the first event, 2 next to the second event, and so on. a. _____ The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ flood the cytoplasm, and depolarization occurs. b. _____ K+ continue to flow out of the axon until the membrane is hyperpolarized. c. _____ Local potentials cause the membrane to depolarize to threshold. d. _____ The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ begin to exit the axon, and repolarization begins. e. _____ Repolarization continues and Na+ channels return to restingarrow_forwardLocal anesthetic is often used in dentistry to lessen the sensation of pain during dental procedures. It prevents propagation of nerve conduction by decreasing the flow of ions. a. Describe how depolarization of an action potential can be blocked by the use of local anesthetic. b. Your classmate explained that once the threshold potential has been reached, the inside charge of the neuron is more positive than the outside charge. Is she correct? Can you compare the inside charge to the outside charge in an axon treated with local anesthetic?arrow_forwardExplain what happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminus (terminal) by activating the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Explanation addressing the question above When an action potential, or nerve impulse, arrives at the axon terminal, it activates voltage-gated calcium channels in the cell membrane. Which is present at a much higher concentration outside the neuron than inside, rushes into the cell. The Ca2+ allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axon terminal membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The molecules of neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell. Activation of postsynaptic receptors leads to the opening or closing of ion channels in the cell membrane. This may be depolarizing, making the inside of the cell more positive, or hyperpolarizing making the inside more negative depending on the ions involved. The excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials…arrow_forward
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