Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321962751
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 37, Problem 11TYU
FOCUS ON EVOLUTION
An action potential is an all-or-none event. This on/off signaling is an evolutionary adaptation of animals that must sense and act in a complex environment. It is possible to imagine a nervous system in which the action potentials are graded, with the amplitude depending on the size of the stimulus. Describe what evolutionary advantage on/off signaling might have over a graded (continuously variable) kind of signaling.
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Graded (Local)
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a scientist that works on autism and you think that the mutation in the sodium channel found in 3 of your patients can be one of the causes for this disorder. Describe an experiment you could do to test this hypothesis.
the scientist need to be specific from the beginning of of the experiment by identifying the mutation to the end including experiment, propagation of action potential, its effect on signal transmission and synapse and give an example of the phenotype you anticipate to observe
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Different behavior patterns can be created by interactions of one or more pattern generators - in response to light touch, the sea slug, Tritonia, exhibits reflexive withdrawal of the body away from the stimulus (i.e. the sea slug “cringes”). However, a stronger mechanical stimulus induces the release of serotonin from specific neurons within the central nervous system and subsequent swimming behavior (i.e., an escape response). Both withdrawals of the body and swimming are driven by the same central pattern generator circuitry. This illustrates which important characteristic of central pattern generators?
A. Model central pattern generators are not as complex as their real-world counterparts.
B. Their rhythmic output is an emergent property of the neural network.
C. Their output is not fixed but can be modified
Chapter 37 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 37.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 37.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 37.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 37.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 37.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cells membrane potential shifts...Ch. 37.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 37.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 37.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 37.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 37.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 37.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 37.4 - Organophosphate pesticides work by inhibiting...Ch. 37.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Name one or more membrane...Ch. 37 - What happens when a resting neuron's membrane...Ch. 37 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 37 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 37 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 37 - Which of the following is a direct result of...Ch. 37 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 37 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 37 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 37 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 37 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 37 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION An action potential is an...Ch. 37 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 37 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The rattlesnake alerts...
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- You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017arrow_forwardYou recently read about Justin Bieber's unfortunate run-ins with glass doors and walls. Since then, you learned about how neurons are the unique cell of the nervous system and that signals are sent via action potential along those cells. You have further learned about how signals "jump" from one neuron to the next, allowing for your nervous system to function every single day. Explain, using language from your learning of signal transduction and the nervous system, just what Justin Bieber's neurons should have been doing to prevent his unfortunate accidents. In other words, describe how are signals received, sent, and passed along in the nervous system (a system primarily responsible for preventing people from walking into doors and walls). You may enhance your answer by comparing the effects of drug use with the inability to avoid these accidents. *Hint: half of your response should be about neuron anatomy and action potential and the other half should be about signaling across…arrow_forwardThe giant squid axon has a diameter = 1mm and 1 = 13mm. Compared to a mammalian neuron with a diameter = 1 um and ^ = 0.2mm, which of the following is correct? graded potentials can generate action potentials in the mammalian axon but not in the squid axon. graded potential of similar magnitude would result in action potentials with larger amplitude in the mammalian axon graded potentials of similar magnitude would result in action potentials with larger amplitude in the squid axon graded potentials of similar magnitude would travel furthest from their point of origin in the mammalian axon graded potentials of similar magnitude would travel furthest from their point of origin in the squid axonarrow_forward
- How can molecules pass through a closed gate such as in ligand-gated channel protein? Group of answer choices Receptor must receive pressure to open the gate. Receptor must receive electrical signals to open the gate. Receptor must receive signals or stimulus from the neurotransmitter to open the gate. The ligand-gated channel protein is always open, and it does need any stimulusarrow_forwardWhich membrane proteins are involved in the potentiation of the membrane signalling that travels along a nerve cell? Na* channels Nat/K* pumps K* carriers Ca2+ channelsarrow_forwardWhich best describes the process by which rod cells are activated? light strikes a rod cell at resting membrane potential K* channels open → hyperpolarization of rod stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter В. A. light strikes a rod cell at resting membrane potential Na channels open → depolarization of rod leads to an action potential С. light strikes a depolarized rod cell Nat channels open hyperpolarization of rod stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter light strikes a depolarized rod cell K* channels open hyperpolarization of rod stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter light strikes a depolarized rod cellNat channels close stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter D. Е. hyperpolarization of rod >arrow_forward
- Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain that regulates mood, cognition and locomotion. Which of the following are true about dopamine signaling in the synapse? Select all that apply. Presynaptic nerve cell Dendrites Axon Nerve impulse Myelin sheath Nerve impulse Neuro- transmitter Synapse Postsynaptic nerve cell Postsynaptic receptors Dopamine receptors are localized in the presynaptic membrane Action potential in presynaptic axon terminal results in the opening of chloride channels Dopamine receptors are localized in the postsynaptic membrane Action potential in presynaptic axon terminal results in the opening of calcium channelsarrow_forwardConduction velocity refers to the [a] at which an action potential travels along a neuron's axon. In invertebrates, conduction velocity can only be increased by [b]. However in vertebrates (exclusively), such as humans, conduction velocity can also be increased by [c]. This enables vertebrates to conserve [d] while still increasing conduction velocity. [a] [b] [c] [d] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ]arrow_forwardChemical synapses in the nervous system :-a- allow diffusion of chemical substances form the presynaptic neuron into the postsynaptic neuronb- allow transmission of potential changes in one direction only; from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuronsc- have potential-gated ionic channelsd- are more numerous in the peripheral nervous system than the central nervous systemarrow_forward
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