Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of penicillin drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
The physiological effects of penicillin were determined before the medicine was being discovered.
Explanation of Solution
The penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. He grew more penicillium mold as he thought that it would work as an antibiotic. Hence, the physiological effect of penicillin was already determined.
(b)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of sildenafil (Viagra) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Sildenafil’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Sildenafil was synthesized in the 90’s to cure hypertension and angina pectoris. But this was not effective after testing on the humans. While the person being tested had undergone penile erection. Hence, the physiological effect of the sildenafil was determined after it was being tested on the person.
(c)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of rofecoxib (Vioxx) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Rofecoxib’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Rofecoxib was discovered in 1990 to reduce the inflammation and treat the pain caused due to osteoarthritis. But it was discovered that this drug had a negative effect on the heart and increased the risk of cardiovascular disease. Hence, the physiological effect of rofecoxib was known after its use.
(d)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of atorvastatin (Lipitor) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Atorvastatin’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Atorvastatinwas an experimental compound, which was formed in 1982. When it was tested on the individuals, then it was found that it can treat bad LDLs and can reduce the rate of fatal heart attacks in the people with heart diseases.
(e)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of aspirin drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Aspirin’s physiological effect was determined before it was used.
Explanation of Solution
In 400 BC the extract from willow was found to have effective results on fever, inflammation, and pain. In the 19th century, experiments were done on salicylic acid, which is an active compound of the willow extract. After finding the effectiveness of salicylic acid, it was prescribed by the pharmacists. Hence, the physiological effect of aspirin was already known.
(f)
Interpretation:
To determine if the physiological effect of indinavir (Crixivan) drug was known before or after the discovery of the drug.
Concept introduction:
Physiological effects are the changes that occur inside a body to maintain the constant state of the body. If there is any kind of disturbance or imbalance inside the body, then the physiological effects come in action. These effects can be measured or recognized in a certain manner.
Answer to Problem 1P
Indinavir’s physiological effect was determined after it was used.
Explanation of Solution
Indinavir was discovered as a protease inhibitor, but after its experiments on the animals, and humans, it was found to be effective in HIV AIDS. Hence, its physiological effects were known after its discovery.
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