Campbell Biology in Focus
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134710679
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Rebecca Orr
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 35, Problem 9TYU
FOCUS ON EVOLUTION
Describe one invertebrate defense mechanism and discuss how it is an evolutionary adaptation retained in vertebrates.
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Explain the adaptive defense system
To put an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed against the virus and people eligible to receive these are encouraged to get vaccinated. How do these vaccines work? *
The vaccine will not cause the disease, but will help develop the body’s first line of defense.
The vaccine mimics the virus that causes the disease and triggers the creation of antibodies.
No answer
The presence of the virus in the vaccine will improve the innate immune response of the body.
The vaccine causes a mild infection that will trigger the production of antibodies against the virus.
Choose the correct defense mechanism for each of the following statemnts. The choices are: behavioural defense, cryptic colouration, protective colouration and mimicry. A defense mechanism can be used more than once. Please explain in detail why each defense mechanism was picked.Examples:
A walking stick insect blends into the twigs in its habitat. Answer
A defenseless organism looks like a poisonous model. Answer
Two poisonous species evolved to look very similar in order to intensify the deterrence from predators. Answer
Orange elephant ear sponge is bright orange coloured and lives on ocean reefs. Answer
Cinnabar moth caterpillars have distinct black and yellow stripes. Answer
Hagfishes automatically produce fibrous slime from their body when they are captured. Answer
Chapter 35 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus
Ch. 35.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 35.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 35.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.2 - Explain how memory cells strengthen the immune...Ch. 35.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 35.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35 - Prob. 1TYU
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- We talked in one of our first lectures about how we began to understand the potentiation of an action potential down an axon by stimulating and recording electrical changes in a giant squid neuron. Which neuroscience method enabled that discovery? Immunohistochemistry Electrophysiology Transgenic mouse lines Chemogeneticsarrow_forwardBegins with Q Search Question 32 What is the cause of host rejection of graft in an allograft transplant? O Difference in PAMPS and TLRS between humans and chimpanzees (apes) O Differences in tumor necrosis factor alpha release between two identical individuals O Differences in MHC I molecules between two non-identical human O Differences iìn antigen presenting cell (APC) function within a single individualarrow_forwardiSwers of possible answers after the due date. 1. Our book states that all animals have an innate immune system but only vertebrates have an adaptive immune response. Why do you think this might be? What selective advantage favored vertebrates but not invertebrates for having an adaptive immune response? Explain your reasoning. 2. Recall that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first to study the idea of evolution systematically (p. 450 of our text) and proposed the idea of inheritance by acquired characteristics, where individuals develop phenotypes in response to environmental changes. Could it not be claimed that Lamarck was correct in his thinking with regards to our immune system? Provide one example where our immune system supports his acquired characteristics idea and one reason that it does not. 3. Africa Sleeping Sickness is caused by a single celled parasite, Trypanosoma, that infects our blood cells and liver. This parasite has proven difficult to immunize people against…arrow_forward
- mussel defenses induced by the presence of crabs? Hypothesis: Mussels increase investment in defense in the presence of crabs Null hypothesis: Mussels do not increase investment in defense in the presence of crabs Experimental setup: Seawater No crab Crab (fed fish, not mussels) Mussels Mussels Prediction: Mussels downstream of the crab tank will have thicker shells than mussels downstream of the empty tank. Prediction of null hypothesis: Mussels in the two tanks will have shells of equal thickness Results: 0.6- 0.4- 0.2 00 No crab Crab What conclusion can you draw from the figure above? Without direct contact, mussels can sense the presence of crabs. O Mussels can sense the presence of crabs only visually. O Mussels are increasing their shell thickness in response to water current. Shell thickness is a non-inducible defense. O Crabs hunt for mussels by focusing on the chemicals they emit into the water. Shell thickness lmm)arrow_forwardGive 3 examples of barriers that make up the First Line of Defense. Describe how each one functions to protect the body.arrow_forwardPrey defenses often seem more specialized than the counter-defenses of their predators. Why?arrow_forward
- 33333333arrow_forwardThe impact of communicable diseases (infectious diseases) on human health is obvious. The sudden outbreak of “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” [SARS-CoV-2]” (COVID-19) has made people realize the threat of communicable diseases and their threat to mankind as a complex humanitarian emergency. A highly reactive, multifunctional and efficient emergency management system should be established, and the significance of information communication should be fully understood for the future (Jin et al., 2020). What risk mitigation strategies are being deployed locally and internationally to mitigate the spread of the disease?arrow_forwardChapter 2 Study Guide The Immune System What is the inflammatory response? Inflammatory response is a physiological response to infection and/or tissue injury. What happens during the response What cells are most activated in response to allergies? What do they release? What drugs are effective against them? What is an antigen? An antigen is a molecule that provokes a specific immune response What is the role of the bone marrow in the immune system? What is the role of the thymus in the immune system? What would happen if the thymus or bone marrow were destroyed in a patient? What is clonal selection? What is the difference (in vague terms) between the innate and adaptive (humoral) immunity? If you are exposed to a cold, why are you sick for two weeks? Why are MHC I genes so important? If some your cells lost MHCI genes what would happen? What is passive immunity? Examples? Blood transfusions vs. bone marrow transplants and immune response What is autoimmune…arrow_forward
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