Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (Looseleaf)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408417
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 33, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To explain: The presence of light-reflecting material in eyes of nocturnal carnivores maximizes the degree to which light excites photoreceptors and also causes the perceived image to be blurred.
Introduction: Nocturnal animals refer to animals that are awake and active during the night. They have good night vision, keen senses of smell, touch, and hearing. They consist of a layer of cells tapetum lucidum behind their retina. It reflects light back through the eye. This enables them to see in dim light or dark.
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In order to see a dim star at night, it is better not to look directly at it. If you see it from the “corner of your eye” and then turn to look at it, it may disappear. Explain how this occurs. Also, you can staredirectly at an object in daylight and continue seeing it, despite the bleaching of photoreceptors. Explain how this is possible.
How are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction?
they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced
are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments
when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors
in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels
The density of cones in the retina:
is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter
is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent
is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea
is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity
The recycling of rhodopsin.
key function of rod photoreceptors is to:
detect colors
detect fine details in the visual field.
detect light under low levels of illumination.
detect light under high levels of illumination.
During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that
converts:
GTP to GDP
CGMP to GMP
retinal cis to retinal trans
retinal trans to retinal cis
Chapter 33 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (Looseleaf)
Ch. 33 - Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to...Ch. 33 - Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to...Ch. 33 - Prob. 3DAACh. 33 - Prob. 4DAACh. 33 - The pain of heartburn is an example of a ___ . a....Ch. 33 - ___ is defined as a decrease in the response to an...Ch. 33 - Which is a somatic sensation? a. taste b. smell c....Ch. 33 - Chemoreceptors play a role in the sense of ___ ....Ch. 33 - In the ___, neurons are arranged like maps that...Ch. 33 - Mechanoreceptors in the ___ send signal, to the...
Ch. 33 - Prob. 7SQCh. 33 - Prob. 8SQCh. 33 - The organ of Corti contains receptors that signal...Ch. 33 - Night vision begins with stimulation of ___ . a....Ch. 33 - Visual accommodation involves adjustment to the...Ch. 33 - When you view a close object, your lens gets ___ ....Ch. 33 - Defective or missing ___ cause mJor blindness. a....Ch. 33 - ___ causes the pupil to widen. a. Low light b....Ch. 33 - Match each structure with its description. _____...Ch. 33 - Prob. 1CTCh. 33 - A compound extracted from the leaves of the shrub...Ch. 33 - Most bats eat insects or fruit. Vampire bats,...Ch. 33 - Prob. 4CT
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- For vertebrate photoreception, define: (a) photopigment; (b) photoreceptor; and (c) receptive field.arrow_forwardOccupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.24 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second), The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.24 Effects of age aria occupational noise exposure. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities fin decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-okj carpenter (blue). a 50-year-old carpenter (red), arid a 50-year-ofd who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). 1. Which sound frequency was most easily detected by all three people?arrow_forwardMany odorant molecules are highly hydrophobic and concentrate within the olfactory epithelium. They would give a persistent signal independent of their concentration in the environment if they were not rapidly modified. Propose a mechanism for converting hydrophobic odorants into watersoluble derivatives that can be rapidly eliminated.arrow_forward
- The human retina has three types of receptor cones, eachsensitive to a different range of wavelengths of visible light,as shown in this figure (the colors are merely to differentiatethe three curves from one another; they do not indicate theactual colors represented by each curve):(a) Estimate the energies of photons with wavelengths at themaximum for each type of cone. (b) The color of the sky is dueto scattering of solar light by the molecules of the atmosphere.Lord Rayleigh was one of the first to study scattering of thiskind. He showed that the amount of scattering for very smallparticles such as molecules is inversely proportional to thefourth power of the wavelength. Estimate the ratio of the scatteringefficiency of light at the wavelength of the maximumfor the “blue” cones, as compared with that for the “green”cones. (c) Explain why the sky appears blue even though allwavelengths of solar light are scattered by the atmospherearrow_forwardThe correct pathway of activation (by sending neuronal signals) in the retina is bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell O bipolar cell - photoreceptor - amacrine cellarrow_forwardYou discover that the convergence ratio for the photoreceptors in the Zerons is opposite to that of humans, i.e the convergence ratio for rods is lower and the convergence ratio of cones is higher. The site and distribution of the photoreceptors is the same as in humans. Question: What might be true for Zerons vision? The images formed in the dark are sharper than those formed in light The central parts of their visual field aren't as sharp as the peripheral parts of their visual fields. They are better at forming color contrasts in images They have poor differentiation between black and whitearrow_forward
- Where is rhodopsin localized in a vertebrate retinal rod? Whereis the receptor potential generated? How does the transductionmechanism of the rod connect these two sites? How does itincrease light sensitivity?arrow_forwarda) Based upon how the neural membrane functions, briefly explain how electrical stimulation can cause a neuron to generate an action potential. Describe in one sentence a type of action potential that can be generated by electrical stimulation, but that cannot be generated by synaptic inputs. b) The central part of the retina consists largely of cones, which are responsible for colour vision in normal sight. However, presently available retinal prostheses are not able to reliably provide a perception of colour for people implanted with these devices. Explain why people with a retinal prosthesis are currently unable to reliably perceive colour.arrow_forwardTrace the path of a photon of light through all the layers of theretina discussed in this chapter. Then trace the nerve impulse from aphotoreceptor located on the right side of the left eyeball throughthe visual cortexarrow_forward
- Why are photoreceptors depolarized in the dark?arrow_forwardEven though they are located in the back of the retinal tissue, what is the importance of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells to our sense of sight? (explain elaborately)arrow_forwardDescribe olfactory neurons and explain how airbornemolecules can stimulate action potentials in olfactorynervesarrow_forward
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