The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree. Given: The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below: Introduction: Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

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Answer 5

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

Answer 6

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

Answer 7

Chapter 32, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between viviparity and cold climates, based on the given phylogenetic tree.

Given:

The evolution of viviparity in different lineages of the lizard Sceloporus living in different temperature ranges is shown in Figure 1 of the phylogenetic tree given below:

Introduction:

Animals like birds, reptiles, and amphibians in which the development of the young ones takes place inside the eggs laid by the female are known as oviparous animals. In viviparous animals like mammals, the development of the young ones takes place inside the body of the female who gives birth to the offspring.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be observed from the given phylogenetic tree that viviparous mode of reproduction has evolved in the lineages which live in the 19.0–23.4°C temperature range during the warmest months (cool temperature areas).

According to the ‘cold-climate’ hypothesis, animals living in colder climates are more likely to evolve viviparity. In viviparous animals, the development of the young one takes place inside the body of the female and the parent invests more in the development of its offspring.

In areas with a cold climate (high altitudes), the female basks in the sun during the day and move to safe and warm places to take cover during the night. The female can thus regulate the temperature of its body by behavioral thermoregulation. This provides an ambient temperature for the growth and development of the embryo.

An increased parental investment leads to the birth of a few large-sized offspring, which are more capable of surviving to maturity, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the lizards living in cold areas evolved viviparity because it helped in the better survival of the offspring till maturity.

Answer 12

Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 32.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 32.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 32.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 32.4 - Prob. 2R

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Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 32 Solutions