(a) Interpretation: The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined. Concept introduction: Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

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a) What are the differences between the Direct & Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? (0.5 mark) b) What are the advantages of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? (0.5 mark) c) A Super-Resolution Imaging Technique was developed in 2018 using imidazole, a His-tag ligand conjugated with a fluorophore to report the presence of a recombinant His-tag protein target, (Sci Rep, 2018, 8:5507). How does this technique improve the image quality? (2 marks)

a) What are the differences between the Direct & Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? b) What are the advantages of the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays? c) A Super-Resolution Imaging Technique was developed in 2018 using imidazole, a His-tag ligand conjugated with a fluorophore to report the presence of a recombinant His-tag protein target, (Sci Rep, 2018, 8:5507). How does this technique improve the image quality?

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

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Answer 5

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

Answer 6

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Answer 7

Chapter 31, Problem 41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of the glycogen synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Glycogen synthesis is the process of formation of glycogen from the glucose monomer units. By this process, glucose is stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen biomacromolecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the glycogen synthase enzyme. The main hormone behind this process is insulin, which signals liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of the fatty acid synthesis mechanism should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid chain. It can be either saturated or unsaturated. Natural fatty acids have even number of carbon atoms (28-40), and the chain is unbranched in nature. They are very important in the diet, as they act as fuel for the biochemical reactions inside the body.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of mechanism followed by cholesterol synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Cholesterol is the sterol, which is mainly found in animal tissues. In the tissues and blood plasma, cholesterol is found in the free state or bound with the fatty acid chain to form cholesteryl ester. It is formed by fusing four rings together and plays various functions in the human body.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by DNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The mechanism followed by RNA synthesis process.

Concept introduction:

The building block of DNA and RNA is termed as the nucleotides. Nucleotides are the organic molecules, that plays important roles during cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, and metabolic reactions. It contains a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine or purine).

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Type of mechanism followed by protein synthesis.

Concept introduction:

Protein synthesis (translation) is a process of generating new protein sequences inside the cell. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. this process is balanced by the degradation or export of cellular proteins. It is constituted of three steps, initiation, elongation, and termination.

Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 31 - Prob. 1P Ch. 31 - Prob. 2P Ch. 31 - Prob. 3P Ch. 31 - Prob. 4P Ch. 31 - Prob. 5P Ch. 31 - Prob. 6P Ch. 31 - Prob. 7P Ch. 31 - Prob. 8P Ch. 31 - Prob. 9P Ch. 31 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the type of glycogen synthesis mechanism, which is catalyzed by the glucose synthase enzyme.

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