
Concept explainers
(a)
To show:In the cycle, no carbon is consumed
(a)

Explanation of Solution
Carbon cycle of massive star
All the reactants and all the products are
Adding all the reactants and all the products
Cancelling those that appear on both sides of the reaction.
No carbon is consumed in this cycle because one
(b)
To find:The total energy released
(b)

Answer to Problem 35P
Explanation of Solution
Reaction in star
The number of electrons is balanced well as the number of protons and neutrons. The above "net" equation does not consider the electrons that neutral nuclei would have, because it does not conserve charge.
What the above reaction really represents (ignoring the gammas and neutrinos) is the following:
Each positron-electron annihilation produces another
To use the values from Appendix B, we must add 4 electrons to each side of the reaction.
The energy produced in the reaction is the
The total energy released is
(c)
To find:Energy output for each reaction
(c)

Explanation of Solution
The first equation:
The first equation in the carbon cycle is electron-balanced,
The Q-value
The second equation:
The second equation needs to have another electron, so that
We must include an electron-positron annihilation in this reaction.
The third equation:
The third equation of the carbon cycle is electron-balanced.
The fourth equation:
The fourth equation of the carbon cycle is also electron-balanced.
The fifth equation:
The fifth equation needs to have another electron, so
We must include an electron-positron annihilation in this reaction.
The sixth equation:
The sixth equation is electron-balanced.
The total energy released is found by summing the energy released in each process.
(d)
To find:The reason carbon cycle require higher temperature than proton-proton cycle
(d)

Explanation of Solution
The carbon and nitrogen nuclei have higher Z values, leading to a greater Coulomb repulsion.To overcome the Coulomb repulsion between the nuclei, the carbon cycle need higher temperature so that the reactants have more initial kinetic energy.
Since, carbon has higher Coulomb repulsion than proton. So the temperature should be higher for carbon cycle reaction.
Chapter 31 Solutions
Physics: Principles with Applications
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
College Physics: A Strategic Approach (3rd Edition)
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (13th Edition)
- Four charges, qa, qb, qa, and qd are fixed at the corners of a square. A charge q that is free to move located at the exact center of the square. Classify the scenarios described according to the force that would be exerted on the center charge q. Assume in each case that q is a positive charge. Do not assume that the fixed charges have equal magnitudes unless the scenario defines such an equality. qa Яс q %b Force is zero Force is to the left Force is to the right Force is undeterminedarrow_forwardCharge qi = -q is located at position (0, d). Charge q = −2q₁ is located at position (d,0). Charge q3 = located at position (2d, 2d). 5qi is y Determine the net electric field Ĕ net at the origin. Enter your expression using ij unit vector notation in terms of the given quantities, the permittivity of free space €0, and exact rational and irrational numbers. d 9₁ d TH net = 92 d d Xarrow_forwardsolve pleasearrow_forward
- = = R4 R5 = 12.5 Q. A - In the circuit shown, R₁ = R₂ = R 3 voltmeter measures the potential difference across the battery. When the switch is in position 1, the voltmeter measures V₁ = 13.8 V. When the switch is in position 2, the voltmeter measures V2 = 13.4 V. What is the emf ☐ of the battery? 14.93 = What is the battery's internal resistance r? r = V CH Ω R₁₂ V S R₁ 02 2 R₁ 4 R3 R 5arrow_forwardConsider the arrangement of charges shown in the figure. Four charges of equal magnitude Q but varying sign are placed at the corners of a square as indicated. A positive charge q is placed in the center. What is the direction of the net force, if any, on the center charge? Indicate your answer by placing the appropriate label in the first box. Then, suppose that the charge q were to be displaced slightly from the center position. On the figure, label each box with the arrow that best indicates the direction of the net force that would act on q if it were moved to that location. Net Force Answer Bank no force ↑ +2 0 -Q -Q +Qarrow_forwardDon't use ai to answer I will report you answerarrow_forward
- When an electromagnetic wave is reflected at normal incidence on a perfectly conducting surface, the electric fieldvector of the reflected wave at the reflecting surface is the negative of that of the incident wave.a) Explain why this should be so.b) Show that the superposition of the incident and reflected waves results in a standing wave.c) What is the relationship between the magnetic field vector of the incident and reflected waves at the reflectingsurface?arrow_forwardSuppose there are two transformers between your house and the high-voltage transmission line that distributes the power. In addition, assume your house is the only one using electric power. At a substation the primary of a step-down transformer (turns ratio = 1:23) receives the voltage from the high-voltage transmission line. Because of your usage, a current of 51.1 mA exists in the primary of the transformer. The secondary is connected to the primary of another step- down transformer (turns ratio = 1:36) somewhere near your house, perhaps up on a telephone pole. The secondary of this transformer delivers a 240-V emf to your house. How much power is your house using? Remember that the current and voltage given in this problem are rms values.arrow_forwardIn some places, insect "zappers," with their blue lights, are a familiar sight on a summer's night. These devices use a high voltage to electrocute insects. One such device uses an ac voltage of 3970 V, which is obtained from a standard 120-V outlet by means of a transformer. If the primary coil has 27 turns, how many turns are in the secondary coil? hel lp?arrow_forward
- Hi, Does Quantum physics theory means all branches for example quantum relativity, Quantum mechanics, Quantum field theory, and string theory? Can you explain each one of them? Bestarrow_forwardDear Scientist in physics , How are doing, my name is Yahya from Saudi Arabia and currently in my first semester to pursue Master's degree in physics. I have been watching all interviews of some scientists in physics on YouTube Channel and somthing has got my mind. I studied my bachelor 's degree in biology and I have been contacting Professor's Bruce Lipton many times and he explained epigenatic well. He was talking about physics many times. He said if you want to understand who we are and how we think, you need to understand Physics well. So I have decided to study physics. I have some questions : Why is the community of physics are divided? What is the difference between Quantum physics, quantum field theory, Quantim theory, and classical physics? What is quantum consciousness theory as well. What do they mean by wave function collapse? Why professor Roger's always has another opinions in quantum consciousness theory?? Best Regards, Yahyaarrow_forwardGiven water's mass of 18g/mole and the value of the fundamental charge (charge magnitude of the electron and proton), use the largest charge density from the article to determine what fraction of water molecules became ionized (charged) due to triboelectric effects when it flows through the material that causes the largest charge transfer. Give your answer in e/molecule, or electrons transferred per molecule of water. For instance, a value of 0.2 means only one in five molecules of water loses an electron, or that 0.2=20% of water molecules become chargedarrow_forward
- College PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781305952300Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris VuillePublisher:Cengage LearningUniversity Physics (14th Edition)PhysicsISBN:9780133969290Author:Hugh D. Young, Roger A. FreedmanPublisher:PEARSONIntroduction To Quantum MechanicsPhysicsISBN:9781107189638Author:Griffiths, David J., Schroeter, Darrell F.Publisher:Cambridge University Press
- Physics for Scientists and EngineersPhysicsISBN:9781337553278Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage LearningLecture- Tutorials for Introductory AstronomyPhysicsISBN:9780321820464Author:Edward E. Prather, Tim P. Slater, Jeff P. Adams, Gina BrissendenPublisher:Addison-WesleyCollege Physics: A Strategic Approach (4th Editio...PhysicsISBN:9780134609034Author:Randall D. Knight (Professor Emeritus), Brian Jones, Stuart FieldPublisher:PEARSON





