Concept explainers
(a)
To show:In the cycle, no carbon is consumed
(a)
Explanation of Solution
Carbon cycle of massive star
All the reactants and all the products are
Adding all the reactants and all the products
Cancelling those that appear on both sides of the reaction.
No carbon is consumed in this cycle because one
(b)
To find:The total energy released
(b)
Answer to Problem 35P
Explanation of Solution
Reaction in star
The number of electrons is balanced well as the number of protons and neutrons. The above "net" equation does not consider the electrons that neutral nuclei would have, because it does not conserve charge.
What the above reaction really represents (ignoring the gammas and neutrinos) is the following:
Each positron-electron annihilation produces another
To use the values from Appendix B, we must add 4 electrons to each side of the reaction.
The energy produced in the reaction is the
The total energy released is
(c)
To find:Energy output for each reaction
(c)
Explanation of Solution
The first equation:
The first equation in the carbon cycle is electron-balanced,
The Q-value
The second equation:
The second equation needs to have another electron, so that
We must include an electron-positron annihilation in this reaction.
The third equation:
The third equation of the carbon cycle is electron-balanced.
The fourth equation:
The fourth equation of the carbon cycle is also electron-balanced.
The fifth equation:
The fifth equation needs to have another electron, so
We must include an electron-positron annihilation in this reaction.
The sixth equation:
The sixth equation is electron-balanced.
The total energy released is found by summing the energy released in each process.
(d)
To find:The reason carbon cycle require higher temperature than proton-proton cycle
(d)
Explanation of Solution
The carbon and nitrogen nuclei have higher Z values, leading to a greater Coulomb repulsion.To overcome the Coulomb repulsion between the nuclei, the carbon cycle need higher temperature so that the reactants have more initial kinetic energy.
Since, carbon has higher Coulomb repulsion than proton. So the temperature should be higher for carbon cycle reaction.
Chapter 31 Solutions
Physics: Principles with Applications
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