Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 31, Problem 1CT
IPSCs are nearly identical to human embryonic stem cells in terms of gene expression, but there may be other ways in which they are not equivalent. For example, the telomeres of IPSCs often vary in length, with many IPSCs cells having telomeres shorter than those of embryonic. How might shortened telomeres affect the life-span of IPSCs or of differentiated cells derived from them?
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With age, somatic cells are thought to accumulategenomic “scars” as a result of the inaccurate repair of dou-ble-strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ).Estimates based on the frequency of breaks in primaryhuman fibroblasts suggest that by age 70, each humansomatic cell may carry some 2000 NHEJ-induced muta-tions due to inaccurate repair. If these mutations weredistributed randomly around the genome, how many pro-tein-coding genes would you expect to be affected? Wouldyou expect cell function to be compromised? Why or whynot? (Assume that 2% of the genome—1.5% protein-cod-ing and 0.5% regulatory—is crucial information.)
You are interested in the effects of mutations on the expression of a human protein-
encoding gene expressed in skin cells. The gene has one intron that is 450
nucleotides long. After this intron is removed from the pre-mRNA, the mRNA
transcript is 1100 nucleotides in length. Diploid somatic cells have two copies of this
gene. Predict the size and amount of mRNA from the cytosol of skin cells, which
were obtained from the following individuals:
• Individual 1: Normal individual with no mutations in this gene.
• Individual 2: Homozygous for a deletion that removes the -10 to -100 region of
the gene that encodes this mRNA.
• Individual 3: Heterozygous in which one gene is normal and the other gene has a
deletion that removes the -10 to -100 region.
• Individual 4: Homozygous for a five-nucleotide deletion in the intron that
removes the GT sequence at the 5' splice site.
Explain your answers.
For each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to unrestricted cell division.(a) Colon cancer cells often contain mutations in the gene encoding the prostaglandin E2 receptor. PGE2 is a growth factor required for the division of cells in the gastrointestinal tract.(b) Kaposi sarcoma, a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS, is caused by a virus carrying a gene for a protein similar to the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.(c) Adenovirus, a tumor virus, carries a gene for the protein E1A, which binds to the retinoblastoma protein, pRb. (d) An important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their celltype specificity. For example, mutations in the PGE2 receptor are not typically found in lung tumors. Explain this observation. (Note that PGE2 acts through a GPCR in the plasma membrane.)
Chapter 31 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 31 - ___ tissues are sheetlike with one free surface....Ch. 31 - _______ keep fluid from leaking between cells. a....Ch. 31 - Exocrine glands are specialized ______ tissue. a....Ch. 31 - A rubbery secreted matrix of glycoproteins and...Ch. 31 - Blood cells develop from stem cells in ________....Ch. 31 - Prob. 6SQCh. 31 - Cytoplasmic extensions of _______ send and receive...Ch. 31 - Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a...Ch. 31 - Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a...Ch. 31 - Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a...
Ch. 31 - ______ muscle pulls on bones and _______ muscle...Ch. 31 - Straps or dense, regular connective tissue...Ch. 31 - ______ increase the surface area of some...Ch. 31 - Tears are an _______ secretion released by...Ch. 31 - Cancers most commonly arise in ______ tissue. a....Ch. 31 - The most abundant protein in your body is ________...Ch. 31 - Match each term with the most suitable...Ch. 31 - With negative feedback, detection of a change...Ch. 31 - IPSCs are nearly identical to human embryonic stem...Ch. 31 - Radiation and chemotherapy drugs preferentially...Ch. 31 - Each level of biological organization has emergent...Ch. 31 - The micrograph to the right shows cells from the...
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