Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 30.4, Problem 3C
Summary Introduction
To draw: A cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships among three main clades of bilateral animals and the way in which they differ from one another.
Concept introduction: Animal phylogeny is the rapidly changing field. Biologists associate the variations in body symmetry, types of body cavity, number of tissue layers, and pattern of development. To interfere with the evolutionary relationships among the animal groups, biologists nowadays compare the embryonic developments and the molecular level of variations.
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Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply.
A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree.
B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor.
C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species.
D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles.
E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.
Answer according to phylogenetic tree for animal phyla
1. Which phyla are radically symmetrical?
2. Which phyla are coelomates?
3. Which phyla are triploblastic? Explain what triplobastic means.
4. Which phyla have segmented bodies and a closed blood system?
5. a) Differentiate between an exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
b) Which phyla have these skeletons?
c) Give one advantage and disadvantage of each of this skeletons
6. Which phylum did not hive rise to any other group of animals?
7. Name one feature of the chordates that make them different from the other phyla
8. What was the common ancestor of all animals?
Referring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions:
1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis?
2. How many clades are there?
3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why?
4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?
Chapter 30 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 30.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 30.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 30.2 - Compare the advantages and disadvantages of life...Ch. 30.2 - What are some advantages of marine environments...Ch. 30.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 30.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 30.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 30.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 30.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 30.4 - Describe how biologists use morphology (including...
Ch. 30.4 - Cite specific examples of how data from molecular...Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 30.4 - What are some differences between protostomes and...Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 30 - Which of the following is not a characteristic of...Ch. 30 - Which of the following is not an adaptation to...Ch. 30 - The Cambrian radiation (a) occurred during the...Ch. 30 - The germ layer that gives rise to the outer...Ch. 30 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 30 - EVOLUTION LINK Examine the cladogram in Figure...Ch. 30 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 14TYU
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- In what specific ways does a cladogram give us information about the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms?arrow_forwardNow, assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species. Redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origins of characters 1-6?arrow_forwardcreate a cladogram summarizing the phylogenetic relationships among the different Phyla. Take note that some characters may be secondarily lost during the evolution of these different. there is a photo of example of cladogram belowarrow_forward
- 7) Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Select all the statements that are supported by this tree. A) Gray whales are the common ancestor of the Blue and Humpback whales. B) Blue and humpback whales diverged more recently than either did from the gray whale. C) The Bryde's whale shares a more recent common ancestor with the Sei whale than with the Fin whale. D) The blue and the Bryde's whale have more traits in common with each other than with any other two species, E) Southern minke whales and Northern minke whales have more traits in common with each other than with any other species. Not Gradedarrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?arrow_forwardDifferentiate analogous structures from homologous types. Identify which is which among the shark, pigeon and cat when you transition from each of the classes. For this, create a 4-column table with the following headings: (1) Structure, (2) Specimen a vs b, (3) Specimen b vs c, and (4) Specimen c vs a. For each cell, write either AS for analogous structures, or HS for homologous types. Note (not all structures encountered need to be here).arrow_forward
- 1 which two organisms are most closely related? 2. Which of the following characteristics would be considered an ancestral trait for all the organisms shown? 3. What characteristics do rag-finned fish and amphibians share?arrow_forwardA 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forwardConstruxt your cladogram from this dataarrow_forward
- Represent through a cladogram the evolutionary relationships among spiders,birds,porifera,homosapines,lampreys,nematodes,tuna,clam,andjellyfishby listing them in order from most closely related to most distantly related.indicate in the cladogram where different types of body symmetry arise in the evolutionary processarrow_forwardRepresent through a cladogram the evolutionary relationships among spiders, birds, porifera, Homo sapiens, lampreys, nematodes, tuna, clam and jellyfish by listing them in order from most closely related to most distantly related. Indicate in the cladogram where different types of body symmetry arise in the evolutionary process. pe youranswer here:arrow_forwardWhich of the following CANNOT be learned by looking at phylogenetic trees? (A) ALL of these. (B) Which groups of species represent natural monophyletic groups (clades) that should be named. (C) Which ancestral nodes (representing extinct ancestors) might be older than other ancestral nodes. (D) Which extant species are older than other extant species. (E) Which characteristics most likely evolved along specific branches of the evolutionary tree.arrow_forward
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