Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 30.4, Problem 3C
Summary Introduction
To draw: A cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships among three main clades of bilateral animals and the way in which they differ from one another.
Concept introduction: Animal phylogeny is the rapidly changing field. Biologists associate the variations in body symmetry, types of body cavity, number of tissue layers, and pattern of development. To interfere with the evolutionary relationships among the animal groups, biologists nowadays compare the embryonic developments and the molecular level of variations.
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Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply.
A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree.
B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor.
C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species.
D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles.
E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.
A) Draw a phylogenetic tree for the major phyla of the animal kingdom. Label the appropriate branch points on the tree with the following features: Tissue, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, body cavity, deuterostomes, and protostomes.
B). Draw a diagram of a hydra. On the hydra, label the mouth (hypostome), tentacles, basal disk, ovary, budding polyp, gastrovascular cavity. State the function of each structure you labeled next to or under your diagram.
Answer according to phylogenetic tree for animal phyla
1. Which phyla are radically symmetrical?
2. Which phyla are coelomates?
3. Which phyla are triploblastic? Explain what triplobastic means.
4. Which phyla have segmented bodies and a closed blood system?
5. a) Differentiate between an exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
b) Which phyla have these skeletons?
c) Give one advantage and disadvantage of each of this skeletons
6. Which phylum did not hive rise to any other group of animals?
7. Name one feature of the chordates that make them different from the other phyla
8. What was the common ancestor of all animals?
Chapter 30 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 30.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 30.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 30.2 - Compare the advantages and disadvantages of life...Ch. 30.2 - What are some advantages of marine environments...Ch. 30.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 30.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 30.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 30.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 30.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 30.4 - Describe how biologists use morphology (including...
Ch. 30.4 - Cite specific examples of how data from molecular...Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 30.4 - What are some differences between protostomes and...Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 30 - Which of the following is not a characteristic of...Ch. 30 - Which of the following is not an adaptation to...Ch. 30 - The Cambrian radiation (a) occurred during the...Ch. 30 - The germ layer that gives rise to the outer...Ch. 30 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 30 - EVOLUTION LINK Examine the cladogram in Figure...Ch. 30 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 30 - Prob. 14TYU
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- In what specific ways does a cladogram give us information about the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms?arrow_forwardAnswer the following questions about this phylogenetic tree. What animal represents the out group in this tree and why? What is the derived characteristic of the birds? What is the shared characteristic of 3 to 6? Which number represents the common ancestor of Ostriches and Hawks?arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?arrow_forward
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- Represent through a cladogram the evolutionary relationships among spiders, birds, porifera, Homo sapiens, lampreys, nematodes, tuna, clam and jellyfish by listing them in order from most closely related to most distantly related. Indicate in the cladogram where different types of body symmetry arise in the evolutionary process. pe youranswer here:arrow_forwardRepresent through a cladogram the evolutionary relationships among spiders,birds,porifera,homosapines,lampreys,nematodes,tuna,clam,andjellyfishby listing them in order from most closely related to most distantly related.indicate in the cladogram where different types of body symmetry arise in the evolutionary processarrow_forwardWhich is NOT an example of a structural homology? Please choose all applicable options. a) All vertebrate embryos form pharyngeal pouches.b) Vertebrate forelimbs generally have the same number and a similar arrangement of bones.c) The same group of embryonic cells forms the adult jaw of a perch and of a dog.d) All organisms share a common genetic code.arrow_forward
- Which of the following CANNOT be learned by looking at phylogenetic trees? (A) ALL of these. (B) Which groups of species represent natural monophyletic groups (clades) that should be named. (C) Which ancestral nodes (representing extinct ancestors) might be older than other ancestral nodes. (D) Which extant species are older than other extant species. (E) Which characteristics most likely evolved along specific branches of the evolutionary tree.arrow_forwardConstruct a character matrix with at least five characters for organisms beetle, pigeon, perch, salamander, and a mouse. (Pay attention to eyes, legs, number legs, antennae, body type/form; not limited to here). Then construct a phylogenetic tree using the character matrix and map the synapomorphies.arrow_forwardWhich major groupings of animals defined on the basis of morphological characters have been confirmed by molecular sequence studies?arrow_forward
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