Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered States
Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered States
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781451190809
Author: Carol Porth RN MSN PhD
Publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS+WILKINS
Question
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Chapter 30, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To describe: The tests that could be done to confirm a diagnosis of hepatitis A.

Introduction: Hepatitis A is an extremely contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is preventable by vaccine. It spreads from infected food or water or contact with the infected person. A physical exam, blood tests, and imaging examinations such as a sonogram or CAT scan and a liver biopsy can be applied to diagnose viral hepatitis. It could be Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, or Hepatitis C.

A.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

The health care professional will initially inquire about your indications and review for high levels of liver enzymes in your blood. Next, they'll do more blood tests to look for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. The symptoms that are observed in hepatitis A infection are - fever, pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal discomfort, dark-colored urine, and jaundice.

B.

Summary Introduction

To describe: The most common modes of transmission for hepatitis A.

Introduction: The hepatitis A virus is carried principally by the fecal-oral route; that means when an uninfected person consumes food or water that has been infected with the feces of an infected person.

B.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

Usually, hepatitis A spreads when a person unintentionally consumes the virus from something, meals, or liquids polluted by small, undetected quantities of stool from an infected person. Hepatitis A can also develop from intimate personal contact with an infected person, such as through sexual contact or caring for someone who is ill. As the daughter of the patient attends daycare, the 24-year old woman might get infected through her.

C.

Summary Introduction

To describe: The methods that could be used to protect other family members from getting the disease.

Introduction: The family members must wash their hands thoroughly frequently. And also, after using the bathroom or after changing the diaper and before touching food or dining. Cleaning with soap and water is fine. However, alcohol-based sanitizers appear to be even more productive.

C.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

The vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are beneficial. They can be provided in separate injections or a mixed vaccine. Obey the lead of health-care workers and understand that all blood is contagious. Sharing goes fine with toys, tools but is a terrifying idea when it comes to toothbrushes, razor blades, nail files, and other personal objects. This involves medical devices and needles as well. Likewise, if you and your family members are concerned about hand to wash before eating and after using the bathroom, it’s likely to get hepatitis from meat or meal that’s been made by people who aren’t entirely so meticulous.

Thus, guiding and creating awareness for the family members might help to prevent the other people from getting affected.

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a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent.  b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved
If you wanted to reduce the difference between peak and trough levels that occur with repeated administration of a drug, how would you adjust the dose and dose interval without changing the plateau concentration (plateau is the average of peak and trough levels)? Select your answers for both dose and interval. Hint: It may be helpful to think about this problem using an example such as food. How would you eat if you wanted to maintain very steady hunger/satiety levels without changing your total caloric intake? Options: A. Dose; Increase dose     B. Dose; Decrease dose     C. Dose; Do not change dose     D. Interval; Increase the interval between doses (give the drug less frequently)    E. Interval; Decrease the interval between doses (give the drug more frequently)     F. Interval; Do not change the interval
What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. Show the math

Chapter 30 Solutions

Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered States

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