Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

a.

To determine

Construct a comparative bar chart for the data using relative frequencies.

Answer 8

a.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 52CR

The comparative bar chart is given below:

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Chapter 3, Problem 52CR

Answer 9

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The data represents the responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for the groups smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers.

The general formula for the relative frequency is as follows:

Relative Frequency = FrequencyTotal frequency

Substitute the frequency for the responses as “vary harmful” and the total frequency for smokers as “241” in relative frequency.

Relative Frequency for the response very harmful for smokers= 145241 =0.602

Relative frequencies for the remaining responses are obtained below:

Perceived Risk of Smoking	Relative Frequency
Perceived Risk of Smoking	Smokers	Former Smokers	Nonsmokers
Very harmful	145241=0.602	204261=0.782	432502=0.861
Somewhat harmful	72241=0.299	42261=0.161	50502=0.100
Not too harmful	145241=0.071	10261=0.038	15502=0.030
Not at all harmful	7241=0.029	5261=0.019	5502=0.010

Software procedure:

Step-by-step procedure to draw comparative bar graph using MINITAB software:

Choose Graph > Bar Chart
From Bars represent, choose Values from a table.
Under Two-way table, choose Cluster. Click OK.
In Graph variables, enter the column of Smokers, Former Smokers, and Nonsmokers.
In Row labels, enter the column of 'Risk of smoking'.
In Table Arrangement, choose Rows are outermost categories and columns are innermost.
Click OK.

Answer 13

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.

Answer 14

b.

To determine

Comment on how smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers differ with respect to perceived risk of smoking.

Answer 15

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

From the comparative bar chart, it is observed that, most number of non-smokers have the belief that smoking is very harmful. For other three groups, the difference between the believes of smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers are almost same and the frequency is very less.