EBK PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEER
10th Edition
ISBN: 8220106740163
Author: SERWAY
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 4P
Let the polar coordinates of the point (x, y) be (r, θ). Determine the polar coordinates for the points (a) (−x, y), (b) (−2x, −2y), and (c) (3x, −3y).
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 3 Solutions
EBK PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEER
Ch. 3.2 - Which of the following are vector quantities and...Ch. 3.3 - The magnitudes of two vectors A and B are A = 12...Ch. 3.3 - If vector B is added to vector A, which two of the...Ch. 3.4 - Choose the correct response to make the sentence...Ch. 3.4 - For which of the following vectors is the...Ch. 3 - Two points in the xy plane have Cartesian...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2PCh. 3 - The polar coordinates of a certain point are (r =...Ch. 3 - Let the polar coordinates of the point (x, y) be...Ch. 3 - Why is the following situation impossible? A...
Ch. 3 - Vector A has a magnitude of 29 units and points in...Ch. 3 - A force F1 of magnitude 6.00 units acts on an...Ch. 3 - Three displacements are A=200m due south, B=250m...Ch. 3 - The displacement vectors A and B shown in Figure...Ch. 3 - A roller-coaster car moves 200 ft horizontally and...Ch. 3 - A minivan travels straight north in the right lane...Ch. 3 - A person walks 25.0 north of east for 3.10 km. How...Ch. 3 - Your dog is running around the grass in your back...Ch. 3 - Given the vectors A=2.00i+6.00j and B=3.00i2.00j,...Ch. 3 - The helicopter view in Fig. P3.15 shows two people...Ch. 3 - A snow-covered ski slope makes an angle of 35.0...Ch. 3 - Consider the three displacement vectors m, m,...Ch. 3 - Vector A has x and y components of 8.70 cm and...Ch. 3 - Prob. 19PCh. 3 - Given the displacement vectors A=(3i4j+4k)m and...Ch. 3 - Vector A has a negative x component 3.00 units in...Ch. 3 - Three displacement vectors of a croquet ball are...Ch. 3 - Prob. 23PCh. 3 - Prob. 24PCh. 3 - Use the component method to add the vectors A and...Ch. 3 - A girl delivering newspapers covers her route by...Ch. 3 - A man pushing a mop across a floor causes it to...Ch. 3 - Figure P3.28 illustrates typical proportions of...Ch. 3 - Review. As it passes over Grand Bahama Island, the...Ch. 3 - In an assembly operation illustrated in Figure...Ch. 3 - Review. You are standing on the ground at the...Ch. 3 - Why is the following situation impossible? A...Ch. 3 - In Figure P3.33, the line segment represents a...Ch. 3 - You are spending the summer as an assistant...Ch. 3 - A person going for a walk follows the path shown...Ch. 3 - A ferry transports tourists between three islands....Ch. 3 - Two vectors A and B have precisely equal...Ch. 3 - Two vectors A and B have precisely equal...Ch. 3 - Review. The biggest stuffed animal in the world is...Ch. 3 - Ecotourists use their global positioning system...Ch. 3 - A vector is given by R=2i+j+3k. Find (a) the...Ch. 3 - You are working as an assistant to an air-traffic...Ch. 3 - Review. The instantaneous position of an object is...Ch. 3 - Vectors A and B have equal magnitudes of 5.00. The...Ch. 3 - A rectangular parallelepiped has dimensions a, b,...Ch. 3 - A pirate has buried his treasure on an island with...
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