Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK a value for each ionization state. Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH 2 ). Along with these functional groups , a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

Question

Would the following organic synthesis occur in one step? Add any missing products, required catalysts, inorganic reagents, and other important conditions. Please include a detailed explanation and drawings showing how the reaction may occur in one step.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 4P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Equilibrium equations for three ionizations of histidine and assign pK_a value for each ionization state.

Introduction: Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins. These are basically organic compounds consisting of a carboxylic group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH₂). Along with these functional groups, a side chain (R group) is also present in all the amino acids.

Answer 8

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

Answer 9

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

Answer 10

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

Answer 11

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

Answer 12

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 13

(b)

Summary Introduction

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 14

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 15

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 16

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 17

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Answer 18

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Answer 29

Ch. 3 - Prob. 1P Ch. 3 - Prob. 2P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3P Ch. 3 - Prob. 4P Ch. 3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 3 - Prob. 6P Ch. 3 - Prob. 7P Ch. 3 - Prob. 8P Ch. 3 - Prob. 9P Ch. 3 - Prob. 10P

Concept explainers

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Chapter 3 Solutions

Concept explainers

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state. Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state. Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12. Introduction: pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12. Introduction: pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH. Introduction: pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

Chapter 3 Solutions

To draw: Histidine structure in each ionization state.

Introduction: Histidine is a basic amino acid with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

To determine: The net charge on histidine molecule in each ionization state.

Introduction:

Histidine is a basic amino acid along with lysine and arginine. Histidine consists of three ionizable groups. These are α-amino group, α-carboxylic acid group, and side chain amino group.

To draw: The structures of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

To determine: The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.

To determine: Whether histidine would migrate towards anode or cathode in an electric field for each pH.

Introduction:

pH is defined as the negative of base 10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is a scale to determine the nature of an aqueous solution; acidic or alkaline.